| CAP. I. DE SCRIPTURA SANCTA, VERO DEI VERBO. | CHAPTER I Of The Holy Scripture Being The True Word of God |
| 1. Credimus et confitemur, Scripturas Canonicas sanctorum Prophetarum et Apostolorum utriusque Testamenti ipsum verum esse verbum Dei, et auctoritatem sufficientem ex semetipsis, non ex hominibus habere. Nam Deus ipse loqutus est Patribus, Prophetis, et Apostolis, et loquitur adhuc nobis per Scripturas Sanctas. | We believe and confess the canonical Scriptures of the holy prophets and apostles of both Testaments to be the true Word of God, and to have sufficient authority of themselves, not of men. For God himself spoke to the fathers, prophets, apostles, and still speaks to us through the Holy Scriptures. |
| 2. Et in hac Scriptura Sancta habet universalis Christi Ecclesia plenissime exposita, quæcunque pertinent cum ad salvificam fidem, tum ad vitam Deo placentem recte informandam, quo nomine distincte a Deo præceptum est, ne ei aliquid vel addatur vel detrahatur (Deut. iv. 2; Apoc. xxii. 18,19). | And in this Holy Scripture, the universal Church of Christ has the most complete exposition of all that pertains to a saving faith, and also to the framing of a life acceptable to God; and in this respect it is expressly commanded by God that nothing be either added to or taken from the same. |
| 3. Sentimus ergo, ex hisce Scripturis petendam esse veram sapientiam et pietatem, ecclesiarum quoque reformationem et gubernationem, omniumque officiorum pietatis institutionem, probationem denique dogmatum reprobationemque aut errorum confutationem omnium, sed et admonitiones omnes juxta illud Apostoli: Omnis Scriptura divinitus inspirata utilis est ad doctrinam, ad redargutionem, etc. (2 Tim. iii. 16, 17), et iterum, Hæc tibi scribo, inquit ad Timotheum apostolus (in 1 Epist. iii. 15), ut noris, quomodo oporteat, te versari in domo Dei, etc. Et idem ille rursus ad Thess.: Cum (ait) acciperetis sermonem a nobis, accepistis non sermonem hominum, sed sicut erat vere, sermonem Dei, etc. (1 Thess. ii. 13). Nam ipse in Evangelio dixit Dominus: Non vos estis loquentes illi, sed Spiritus Patris mei loquitur in vobis. Ergo, qui vos audit, me audit; qui autem vos spernit, me spernit (Matt. x. 20; Luc. x. 16; Joh. xiii. 20). | We judge, therefore, that from these Scriptures are to be derived true wisdom and godliness, the reformation and government of churches; as also instruction in all duties of piety; and, to be short, the confirmation of doctrines, and the rejection of all errors, moreover, all exhortations according to that word of the apostle, "All scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof," etc. (II Timothy 3:16-17). Again, "I am writing these instructions to you," says the apostle to Timothy, "So that you may know how one ought to behave in the household of God," etc. (I Timothy 3:14-15). Again, the self-same apostle to the Thessalonians: "When," says he, "You received the word of God which you heard from us, you accepted it, not as the word of men but as what it really is, the Word of God," etc. (I Thess. 2:13) For the Lord himself has said in the gospel, "It is not you who speak, but the Spirit of my Father speaking through you"; therefore "He who hears you hears me, and he who rejects me rejects him who sent me" (Matt. 10:20; Luke 10:16; John 13:20) |
| 4. Proinde cum hodie hoc Dei verbum per prædicatores legitime vocatos annunciatur in Ecclesia, credimus ipsum Dei verbum annunciari et a fidelibus recipi, neque aliud Dei verbum vel fingendum, vel coelitus esse exspectandum: atque in præsenti spectandum esse ipsum verbum, quod annunciatur, non annunciantem ministrum, qui, etsi sit malus et peccator, verum tamen et bonum manet nihilominus verbum Dei. | Wherefore when this Word of God is now preached in the church by preachers lawfully called, we believe that the very Word of God is proclaimed, and received by the faithful; and that neither any other Word of God is to be invented nor is to be expected from heaven: and that now the Word itself which is preached is to be regarded, not the minister that preaches; for even if he be evil and a sinner, nevertheless the Word of God remains still true and good. |
| 5. Neque arbitramur, prædicationem illam externam tanquam inutilem ideo videri, quoniam pendeat institutio veræ religionis ab interna Spiritus illuminatione: propterea, quod scriptum sit: Non erudiet quis proximum suum. Omnes enim cognoscent me (Jer. xxxi. 34), et: Nihil est, qui rigat aut qui plantat, sed qui incrementum dat, Deus (1 Cor. iii. 7). Quamquam enim nemo veniat ad Christum, nisi trahatur a Patre coelesti (Joh. vi. 44 ), ac intus illuminetur per Spiritum, scimus tamen, Deum omnino velle prædicari verbum Dei, etiam foris. Equidem potuisset per Spiritum Sanctum, aut per ministerium angeli absque ministerio S. Petri instituisse Cornelium in Actis Deus, ceterum rejicit hunc nihilominus ad Petrum, de quo angelus loquens: Hic, inquit, dicet tibi, quid oporteat te facere (Act. x. 6). | Neither do we think that therefore the outward preaching is to be thought as fruitless because the instruction in true religion depends on the inward illumination of the Spirit, or because it is written "And no longer shall each man teach his neighbor..., for they shall all know me" (Jer. 31:34), And "Neither he who plants nor he that waters is anything, but only God who gives the growth" (I Cor. 3:7). For although "No one can come to Christ unless he be drawn by the Father" (John 6:44), And unless the Holy Spirit inwardly illumines him, yet we know that it is surely the will of God that his Word should be preached outwardly also. God could indeed, by his Holy Spirit, or by the ministry of an angel, without the ministry of St. Peter, have taught Cornelius in the Acts; but, nevertheless, he refers him to Peter, of whom the angel speaking says, "He shall tell you what you ought to do." |
| 6. Qui enim intus illuminat, donato hominibus Spiritu Sancto, idem ille præcipiens dixit ad discipulos suos: Ite in mundum universum, et prædicate evangelium omni creaturæ (Marc. xvi. 15). Unde Paulus Lydiæ apud Philippos purpurariæ prædicavit verbum exterius, interius autem aperuit mulieri cor Dominus (Act. xvi. 14): Idemque Paulus collocata gradatione eleganti (ad Rom. x. 13–17), tandem infert: Ergo fides ex auditu est; auditus autem per verbum Dei. | For he that illuminates inwardly by giving men the Holy Spirit, the same one, by way of commandment, said unto his disciples, "Go into all the world, and preach the gospel to the whole creation" (Mark 16:15). And so in Phillippi, Paul preached the word outwardly to Lydia, a seller of purple goods; but the Lord inwardly opened the woman's heart (Acts 16:14). And the same Paul, after a beautiful development of his thought, in Romans 10:17 at length comes to the conclusion, "So faith comes from hearing and hearing from the Word of God by the preaching of Christ." |
| 7. Agnoscimus interim, Deum illuminare posse homines etiam sine externo ministerio, quos et quando velit, id quod ejus potentiæ est. Nos autem loquimur de usitata ratione instituendi homines, et præcepto et exemplo tradita nobis a Deo. | At the same time we recognize that God can illuminate whom and when he will, Even without the external ministry, for that is in his power; but we speak of the usual way of instructing men, delivered unto us from God, both by commandment and examples. |
| 8. Execramur igitur omnes hæreses Artemonis, Manichæorum, Valentinianiorum, Cerdonis et Marcionitarum, qui negarunt Scripturas a Spiritu Sancto profectas: vel quasdam illarum non receperunt, vel interpolarunt et corruperunt. | We therefore detest all the heresies of Artemon, the Manichaeans, the Valentinians, of Cerdon, and the Marcionites, who deny that the Scriptures proceeded from the Holy Spirit; or did not accept some parts of them, or interpolated and corrupted them. |
| 9. Interim nihil dissimulamus, quosdam Veteris Testamenti libros a veteribus nuncupatos esse apocryphos, ab aliis ecclesiasticos, utpote quos in ecclesiis legi voluerunt quidem, non tamen proferri ad auctoritatem ex his fidei confirmandam. Sicuti et Augustinus in lib. de civitate Dei (xviii. 38) commemorat, in libris Regum adduci Prophetarum quorundam nomina et libros, sed addit, hos non esse in canone, ac sufficere ad pietatem eos libros, quos habemus. | And yet we do not conceal the fact that certain books of the Old Testament were by the ancient authors called apocryphal, and by the others ecclesiastical; in as much as some would have them read in the churches, but not advanced as an authority from which the faith is to be established. As Augustine also, in his De Civitate Dei, book 18, ch. 38, remarks that "In the books of the Kings, the names and books of certain prophets are cited"; but he adds that "They are not in the canon"; and that "those books which we have suffice unto godliness." |
| CAP. II. DE INTERPRETANDIS SCRIPTURIS SANCTIS, ET DE PATRIBUS, CONCILIIS, ET TRADITIONIBUS. | CHAPTER II Of Interpreting The Holy Scripture; and of Fathers, Councils, and Traditions |
| 1. Scripturas Sanctas, dixit Apostolus Petrus, non esse interpretationis privatæ (2 Pet. i. 20). Proinde non probamus interpretationes quaslibet; unde nec pro vera aut genuina Scripturarum interpretatione agnoscimus eum, quem vocant sensum Romanæ ecclesiæ, quem scilicet simpliciter Romanæ ecclesiæ defensores omnibus obtrudere contendunt recipiendum: sed illam duntaxat Scripturarum interpretationem pro orthodoxa et genuina agnoscimus, quæ ex ipsis est petita Scripturis (ex ingenio utique ejus linguæ, in qua sunt scriptæ, secundum circumstantias item expensæ, et pro ratione locorum vel similium vel dissimilium, plurium quoque et clariorum expositæ), cum regula fidei et caritatis congruit, et ad gloriam Dei hominumque salutem eximie facit. | The apostle peter has said that the Holy Scriptures are not of private interpretation (2 Pet. 1:20), and thus we do not allow all possible interpretations. Nor consequently do we acknowledge as the true or genuine interpretation of the Scriptures what is called the conception of the Roman Church, that is, what the defenders of the Roman Church plainly maintain should be thrust upon all for acceptance. But we hold that the interpretation of the Scripture to be orthodox and genuine which is gleaned from the Scriptures themselves (from the nature of the language in which they were written, likewise according to the circumstances in which they were set down, and expounded in the light of and unlike passages and of many and clearer passages) and which agree with the rule of faith and love, and contributes much to the glory of God and man's salvation. |
| 2. Proinde non aspernamur sanctorum Patrum Græcorum Latinorumque interpretationes, neque reprobamus eorundem disputationes ac tractationes rerum sacrarum cum Scripturis consentientes: a quibus tamen recedimus modeste, quando aliena a Scripturis aut his contraria adferre deprehenduntur. Nec putamus, illis ullam a nobis hac re injuriam irrogari, cum omnes uno ore nolint sua scripta æquari canonicis, sed probare jubeant, quatenus vel consentiant cum illis, vel dissentiant, jubeantque consentientia recipere, recedere vero a dissentientibus. | Wherefore we do not despise the interpretations of the holy Greek and Latin fathers, nor reject their disputations and treatises concerning sacred matters as far as they agree with the Scriptures; but we modestly dissent from them when they are found to set down things differing from, or altogether contrary to, the Scriptures. Neither do we think that we do them any wrong in this matter; seeing that they all, with one consent, will not have their writings equated with the canonical Scriptures, but command us to prove how far they agree or disagree with them, and to accept what is in agreement and to reject what is in disagreement. |
| 3. Eodem in ordine collocantur etiam conciliorum definitiones vel canones. | And in the same order also we place the decrees and canons of councils. |
| 4. Quapropter non patimur, nos in controversiis religionis vel fidei causis urgeri nudis Patrum sententiis aut conciliorum determinationibus, multo minus receptis consuetudinibus, aut etiam multitudine idem sentientium, aut longi temporis præscriptione. Ergo non alium sustinemus in causa fidei judicem, quam ipsum Deum, per Scripturas Sanctas pronunciantem, quid verum sit, quid falsum, quid sequendum sit, quidve fugiendum. Ita judiciis nonnisi spiritualium hominum, ex verbo Dei petitis, acquiescimus. Jeremias certe cæterique prophetæ sacerdotum concilia, contra legem Dei instituta, damnarunt graviter, ac monuerunt diligenter, ne audiamus Patres, aut insistamus viæ illorum, qui, in suis ambulantes adinventionibus, a lege Dei deflexerunt. | Wherefore we do not permit ourselves, in controversies about religion or matters of faith, to urge our case with only the opinions of the fathers or decrees of councils; much less by received customs, or by the large number of those who share the same opinion, or by the prescription of a long time. Who Is The Judge? Therefore, we do not admit any other judge than God himself, who proclaims by the Holy Scriptures what is true, what is false, what is to be followed, or what to be avoided. So we do assent to the judgments of spiritual men which are drawn from the Word of God. Certainly Jeremiah and other prophets vehemently condemned the assemblies of priests which were set up against the law of God; and diligently admonished us that we should not listen to the fathers, or tread in their path who, walking in their own inventions, swerved from the law of God. |
| 5. Pariter repudiamus traditiones humanas, quæ, tametsi insigniantur speciosis titulis, quasi divinæ apostolicæque sint, viva voce Apostolorum et ceu per manus virorum Apostolicorum succedentibus Episcopis, ecclesiæ traditæ; compositæ tamen cum Scripturis, ab his discrepant, discrepantiaque illa sua ostendunt, se minime esse Apostolicas. Sicut enim Apostoli inter se diversa non docuerunt, ita et Apostolici non contraria Apostolis ediderunt Quinimo impium esset adseverare, Apostolos viva voce contraria scriptis suis tradidisse. | Likewise we reject human traditions, even if they be adorned with high-sounding titles, as though they were divine and apostolical, delivered to the Church by the living voice of the apostles, and, as it were, through the hands of apostolical men to succeeding bishops which, when compared with the Scriptures, disagree with them; and by their disagreement show that they are not Apostolic at all. For as the apostles did not contradict themselves in doctrine, so the apostolic men did not set forth things contrary to the apostles. On the contrary, it would be wicked to assert that the apostles by a living voice delivered anything contrary to their writings. |
| 6. Paulus disserte dicit: Eadem se in omnibus ecclesiis docuisse (1 Cor. iv. 17); et iterum non alia, inquit, scribimus vobis, quam quæ legitis aut etiam agnoscitis (2 Cor. i. 13). Alibi rursus testatur: Se et discipulos suos (i. e., viros Apostolicos), eadem ambulare via et eodem spiritu pariter facere omnia (2 Cor. xii. 18). Habuerunt quondam et Judæi suas traditiones seniorum, sed refutatæ sunt graviter a Domino, ostendente, quod earum observatio legi Dei officiat, et his Deus frustra colatur (Matt. xv. 8, 9; Marc. vii. 6, 7). | Paul affirms expressly that he taught the same things in all churches (I Cor. 4:17). And, again, "For we write you nothing but what you can read and understand." (II Cor. 1:13). Also, in another place, he testifies that he and his disciples - that is, apostolic men - walked in the same way, and jointly by the same Spirit did all things (II Cor. 12:18). Moreover, the Jews in former times had the traditions of their elders; but these traditions were severely rejected by the Lord, indicating that the keeping of them hinders God's law, and that God is worshipped in vain by such traditions (Matt. 15:1 ff.; Mark 7:1 ff). |
| CAP. III. DE DEO, UNITATE EJUS ET TRINITATE. | CHAPTER III Of God, His Unity and Trinity |
| 1. Deum credimus et docemus unum esse essentia vel natura, per se subsistentem, sibi ad omnia sufficientem, invisibilem, incorporeum, immensum, æternum, creatorem rerum omnium, tum visibilium tum invisibilium, summum bonum, vivum, et omnia vivificantem et conservantem, omnipotentem et summe sapientem, clementem, sive misericordem, justum atque veracem. | We believe and teach that God is one in essence or nature, subsisting in himself, all sufficient in himself, invisible, incorporeal, immense, eternal, Creator of all things both visible and invisible, the greatest good, living, quickening and preserving all things, omnipotent and supremely wise, kind and merciful, just and true. |
| 2. Pluralitatem vero Deorum abominamur, quod diserte scriptum sit, Dominus Deus tuus unus est (Deut. vi. 4). Ego sum Dominus Deus tuus, non sint tibi dii alieni ante faciem meam (Exod. xx. 2, 3). Ego Dominus et nullus ultra, præter me non est Deus. An non ego Dominus et non est alius præter me solum? Deus justus et salvans, nullus præter me (Isa. xlv. 5). Ego Jehovah, Jehovah Deus, misericors, clemens et longanimis, immensæ bonitatis et veritatis (Exod. xxxiv. 6). | Truly we detest many gods because it is expressly written: "The Lord your God is one Lord" (Deut.6:4). "I am the Lord your God. You shall have no other gods before me" (Ex. 20:2-3). "I am the Lord, and there is no other god besides me. Am I not the Lord, and there is no other God beside me? A righteous God and a Savior; there is none besides me" (Isa. 45:5, 21). "The Lord, the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness" (Ex. 34:6). |
| 3. Eundem nihilominus Deum immensum, unum et indivisum, credimus et docemus personis inseperabiliter et inconfuse esse distinctum, Patrem, Filium, et Spiritum Sanctum, ita ut Pater ab æterno Filium generavit, Filius generatione ineffabili genitus sit, Spiritus Sanctus vero procedat ab utroque, idque ab æterno, cum utroque adorandus: ita ut sint tres non quidem Dii sed tres Personæ consubstantiales, coæternæ et coæquales, distinctæ quoad hypostases, et ordine alia aliam præcedens, nulla tamen inæqualitate. Nam quoad naturam vel essentiam ita sunt conjunctæ, ut sint unus Deus, essentiaque divina communis sit Patri, Filio, et Spiritui Sancto. | Notwithstanding we believe and teach that the same immense, one and indivisible God is in person inseparably and without confusion distinguished as Father, Son and Holy Spirit so, as the Father has begotten the Son from eternity, the Son is begotten by an ineffable generation, and the holy Spirit truly proceeds from them both, and the same from eternity and is to be worshipped with both. Thus there are not three gods, but three persons, cosubstantial, coeternal, and coequal; distinct with respect to hypostases, and with respect to order, the one preceding the other yet without any inequality. For according to the nature or essence they are so joined together that they are one God, and the divine nature is common to the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. |
| 4. Distinctionem enim personarum manifestam tradidit nobis Scriptura, angelo ad divam virginem inter alia dicente: Spiritus Sanctus superveniet in te et virtus Altissimi obumbrabit tibi, et quod nascetur sanctum, vocabitur Filius Dei (Luc. i. 35). Sed et in baptismo Christi auditur vox coelitus delata super Christo dicens: Hic est Filius meus dilectus (Matt. iii. 16, 17; Joh. i. 32). Adparebat et Spiritus Sanctus in specie columbæ. Cumque ipse juberet baptizare Dominus, jussit baptizare in nomine Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti (Matt. xxviii. 19). Item alibi in Evangelio dixit: Spiritum Sanctum mittet Pater nomine meo (Joh. xiv. 26). Idem iterum: Cum, inquit, venerit Paracletus, quem ego mittam vobis a Patre, Spiritus veritatis, qui a Patre procedit, ille testimonium perhibebit de me, etc. (Joh. xv. 26). Breviter recipimus Symbolum Apostolorum, quod veram nobis fidem tradit. | For Scripture has delivered to us a manifest distinction of persons, the angel saying, among other things, to the Blessed Virgin, "The Holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you; therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God" (Luke 1:35). And also in the baptism of Christ a voice is heard from heaven concerning Christ, saying, "This is my beloved Son" (Math. 3:17). The Holy Spirit also appeared in the form of a dove (John 1:32). And when the Lord himself commanded the apostles to baptize, he commanded them to baptize "in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit" (Matt. 28:19). Elsewhere in the Gospel he said: "The Father will send the Holy Spirit in my name" (John 14:26), and again he said: "When the Counselor comes, whom I shall send to you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, who proceeds from the Father, he will bear witness to me," etc. (John 15:26). In short, we receive the Apostles' Creed because it delivers to us the true faith. |
| 5. Damnamus ergo Judæos et Mahumetistas, omnesque sacrosanctam et adorandam hanc trinitatem blasphemantes. Damnamus item omnes hæreses atque hæreticos, docentes, Filium et Spiritum Sanctum nuncupatione esse Deum; item creatum ac serviens aut alteri officiale esse in trinitate, esse in ea denique inæquale, majus aut minus, corporeum aut corporaliter effigiatum, moribus vel voluntate diversum, aut confusum vel solitarium, quasi Filius et Spiritus Sanctus affectiones et proprietates sint unius Dei Patris, ut Monarchici senserunt, Noëtiani, Praxeas, Patripassiani, Sabellius, Samosatenus, Aëtius, Macedonius, Anthropomorphitæ, Arius, et similes. | Therefore we condemn the Jews and Mohammedans, and all those who blaspheme that sacred and adorable Trinity. We also condemn all heresies and heretics who teach that the Son and Holy Spirit are God in name only, and also that there is something created and subservient, or subordinate to another in the Trinity, and that their is something unequal in it, a greater or a less, something corporeal or corporeally conceived, something different with respect to character or will, something mixed or solitary, as if the Son and Holy Spirit were the affections and properties of one God the Father, as the Monarchians, Novatians, Praxeas, Patripassians, Sabellius, Paul of Samosata, Aetius, Macedonius, Anthropomorphites, Arius, and such like, have thought. |
| CAP. IV. DE IDOLIS VEL IMAGINIBUS DEI, CHRISTI ET DIVORUM. | CHAPTER IV Of Idols or Images of God, Christ and The Saints |
| 1. Quoniam vero Deus Spiritus est invisibilis et immensa essentia, non potest sane ulla arte aut imagine exprimi, unde non veremur, cum Scriptura simulacra Dei mera nuncupare mendacia. | Since God as Spirit is in essence invisible and immense, he cannot really be expressed by any art or image. For this reason we have no fear pronouncing with Scripture that images of God are mere lies. Therefore we reject not only the idols of the Gentiles, but also the images of Christians. |
| 2. Rejicimus itaque non modo gentium idola, sed et Christianorum simulacra. Tametsi enim Christus humanam assumserit naturam, non ideo tamen assumsit, ut typum præferret statuariis atque pictoribus. Negavit se venisse ad solvendum legem et prophetas (Matt. v. 17); at lege et prophetis prohibitæ sunt imagines (Deut. vi. 23; Isa. xl. 18). Negavit, corporalem suam ecclesiæ profuturam præsentiam; Spiritu suo se nobis perpetuo adfuturum promisit (Job. xvi. 7; 2 Cor. v. 5). | Although Christ assumed human nature, yet he did not on that account assume it in order to provide a model for carvers and painters. He denied that he had come "to abolish the law and the prophets" (Matt. 5:17). But images are forbidden by the law and the prophets" (Deut. 4:15; Isa. 44:9). He denied that his bodily presence would be profitable for the Church, and promised that he would be near us by his Spirit forever (John 16:7). Who, therefore, would believe that a shadow or likeness of his body would contribute any benefit to the pious? (II Cor. 5:5). Since he abides in us by his Spirit, we are therefore the temple of God (I Cor. 3:16). But "what agreement has the temple of God with idols?" (II Cor. 6:16). |
| 3. Quis ergo crederet, umbram vel simulacrum corporis aliquam conferre piis utilitatem? Cumque maneat in nobis per Spiritum suum, sumus utique templa Dei (1 Cor. iii. 16). Quid autem convenit templo Dei cum simulacris? (2 Cor. vi. 16). Et quando beati spiritus ac divi coelites, dum hic viverent, omnem cultum sui averterunt et statuas oppugnarunt (Act. xiv. 15; Apoc. xiv. 7; xxii. 8, 9), cui verisimile videatur, divis coelitibus et angelis suas placere imagines, ad quas genua flectunt homines, detegunt capita, aliisque prosequuntur honoribus? | And since the blessed spirits and saints in heaven, while they lived here on earth, rejected all worship of themselves (Acts 3:12 f.; 14:11 ff.; Rev. 14:7; 22:9) and condemned images, shall anyone find it likely that the heavenly saints and angels are pleased with their own images before which men kneel. uncover their heads, and bestow other honors? |
| 4. Ut vero instituantur homines in religione, admoneanturque rerum divinarum et salutis suæ, prædicare jussit evangelium Dominus (Marc. xvi. 15), non pingere et pictura laicos erudire: sacramenta quoque instituit, nullibi statuas constituit. | But in fact in order to instruct men in religion and to remind them of divine things and of their salvation, the Lord commanded the preaching of the Gospel (Mark 16:15) - not to paint and to teach the laity by means of pictures. Moreover, he instituted sacraments, but nowhere did he set up images. |
| 5. Sed et passim, quoquo vertamus oculos, occurrunt res creatæ a Deo vivæ et veræ in oculos nostros, quæ, si observentur, ut par est, longe evidentius movent adspectantem, quam omnes omnium hominum imagines vel picturæ vanæ, immobiles, marcidæ atque mortuæ. De quibus vere dixit Propheta: Oculos habent et non vident, etc. (Psa. cxv. 5, 6, 7). | Furthermore, wherever we turn our eyes, we see the living and true creatures of God which, if they be observed, as is proper, make a much more vivid impression on the beholders than all images or vain, motionless, feeble and dead pictures made by men, of which the prophet truly said: "They have eyes, but do not see" (Ps. 115:5). |
| 6. Idcirco adprobamus Lactantii, veteris scriptoris, sententiam, dicentis: 'Non est dubium, quin religio nulla sit, ubicunque simulacrum est.' Recte item fecisse adserimus beatum episcopum Epiphanium, qui in foribus ecclesiæ inveniens velum, habens depictam imaginem quasi Christi vel sancti cujuspiam, scidit atque sustulit: quod contra auctoritatem Scripturarum vidisset, in Ecclesia Christi hominis pendere imaginem. Ideoque præcipiebat, ne deinceps in Ecclesia Christi ejusmodi vela, quæ contra religionem nostram veniunt, adpenderentur, sed tolleretur potius illa scrupulositas, quæ indigna sit Ecclesia Christi et populis fidelibus. Præterea adprobamus hanc S. Augustini de vera religione sententiam: 'Non sit nobis religio humanorum operum cultus. Meliores enim sunt ipsi artifices, qui talia fabricantur, quos tamen colere non debemus (Epist. 55). | Therefore we approved the judgment of Lactantius, and ancient writer, who says: "Undoubtedly no religion exists where there is an image." We also assert that the blessed bishop Epiphanius did right when, finding on the doors of a church a veil on which was painted a picture supposedly of Christ or some saint, he ripped it down and took it away, because to see a picture of a man hanging in the Church of Christ was contrary to the authority of Scripture. Wherefore he charged that from henceforth no such veils, which were contrary to our religion, should be hung in the Church of Christ, and that rather such questionable things, unworthy of the Church of Christ and the faithful people, should be removed. Moreover, we approve of this opinion of St. Augustine concerning true religion: "Let not the worship of the works of men be a religion for us. For the artists themselves who make such things are better; yet we ought not to worship them" (De Vera Religione, cap. 55). |
| CAP. V. DE ADORATIONE, CULTU ET INVOCATIONE DEI PER UNICUM MEDIATOREM JESUM CHRISTUM. | CHAPTER V Of The Adoration, Worship and Invocation of God Through The Only Mediator Jesus Christ |
| 1. Deum verum docemus solum adorare et colere. Hunc honorem communicamus nemini, juxta mandatum Domini: Dominum Deum tuum adorabis, et ilium solum coles, vel, et huic uni servies (Matt. iv. 10). Certe omnes Prophetæ gravissime invecti sunt contra populum Israelis, quandocunque deos alienos, non unum solum Deum verum adorarunt et coluerunt. | We teach that the true God alone is to be adored and worshipped. This honor we impart to none other, according to the commandment of the Lord, "You shall worship the Lord your God and him only shall you serve" (Math. 4:10). Indeed, all the prophets severely inveighed against the people of Israel whenever they adored and worshipped strange gods, and not the only true God. |
| 2. Adorandum autem colendumque docemus Deum, sienti ipse nos colere docuit, in spiritu videlicet et veritate (Joh. iv. 29), non cum ulla superstitione, sed cum sinceritate, secundum verbum ejus, ne aliquando ad nos etiam dicat: Quis requisivit hæc ex manibus vestris? (Isa. lxvi. 3; Jer. vi. 20.) Nam et Paulus: Deus non colitur, ait, humanis manibus, tanquam, qui ipse aliquo indigeat (Act. xvii. 25). | But we teach that God is to be adored and worshipped as he himself has taught us to worship, namely, "in spirit and in truth" (John 4:23 f.), not with any superstition, but with sincerity, according to his Word; lest at anytime he should say to us: "Who has required these things from your hands?" (Isa. 1:12; Jer. 6:20). For Paul also says: "God is not served by human hands, as though he needed anything," etc. (Acts 17:25). |
| 3. Eundem solum invocamus in omnibus discriminibus et casibus vitæ nostræ, idque per interventum unici mediatoris et intercessoris nostri Jesu Christi. Diserte enim præceptum est nobis: Invoca me in die tribulationis, et eruam te, et glorificabis me (Psa. 1. 15). Sed et liberalissime nobis promissum est a Domino dicente: Quidquid petieritis a Patre meo, dabit vobis (Joh. xvi. 23); item: Venite ad me, quotquot laboratis et onerati estis, et ego reficiam vos (Matt. xi. 28). Et cum scriptum sit: Quomodo invocabunt eum, in quem non crediderunt? (Rom. x. 14.) Nos vero cum in solum Deum credamus, solum certe invocamus, et quidem per Christum. Unus enim Deus, ait Apostolus, et unus mediator Dei et hominum Jesus Christus (1 Tim. ii. 5), item, Si quis peccaverit, advocatum habemus apud Patrem Jesum Christum justum (1 Joh. ii. 1). | In all crises and trials of our life we call upon him alone, and that by the mediation of our only mediator and intercessor, Jesus Christ. For we have been explicitly commanded: "Call upon me in the day of trouble; I will deliver you, and you shall glorify me" (Ps. 1:15). Moreover, we have a most generous promise from the Lord Who said: "If you ask anything of the Father, he will give it to you" (John 16:23), and: "Come to me, all who labor and are heavy laden and I will give you rest: (Matt 11:28). And since it is written: "How are men to call upon him in whom they have not believed?" (Rom. 10:14), and since we do believe in God alone, we assuredly call upon him alone, and we do so through Christ. For as the apostle says, "There is one God and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus? (I Tim. 2:5), and, "If any one does sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous," etc. (I John 2:1). |
| 4. Proinde sanctos coelites sive divos nec adoramus, neque colimus nec invocamus, neque illos coram Patre pro intercessoribus aut media toribus nostris agnoscimus. Sufficit enim nobis Deus et Mediator Christus, neque honorem soli Deo et Filio ejus debitum aliis communicamus; quod ille diserte dixerit: Gloriam meam alteri non dabo (Isa. xlii. 8), et quod Petrus dixit: Non aliud hominibus nomen datum est, in quo oporteat salvos fieri, nisi nomen Christi (Act. iv. 12). In quo sane, qui per fidem adquiescunt, non quærunt extra Christum quidquam. | For this reason we do not adore, worship, or pray to the saints in heaven, or to other gods, and we do not acknowledge them as our intercessors or mediators before the Father in heaven. For God and Christ the Mediator are sufficient for us; neither do we give to others the honor that is due to God alone and to his Son, because he has expressly said: "My glory I give to no other: (Isa. 42:8), and because Peter has said: "There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved," except the name of Christ (Acts 4:12). In him, those who give their assent by faith do not seek anything outside Christ. |
| 5. Interim divos nec contemnimus, nec vulgariter de eis sentimus. Agnoscimus enim, eos esse viva Christi membra, amicos Dei, qui carnem et mundum gloriose vicerunt. Diligimus ergo illos ut fratres, et honoramus etiam, non tamen cultu aliquo, sed honorabili de iis existimatione, denique laudibus justis. Imitamur item eos. Nam imitatores fidei virtutumque ipsorum, consortes item æternæ salutis esse, illis æternum apud Deum cohabitare et cum eis in Christo exsultare, desideriis votisque ardentissimis exoptamus. Atque hac in parte adprobamus illam S. Augustini de vera religione sententiam: 'Non sit nobis religio cultus hominum mortuorum. Quia si pie vixerint, non sic habentur, ut tales quærant honores, sed ilium a nobis coli volunt, quo illuminante, lætantur, meriti sui nos esse conservos. Honorandi ergo sunt propter imitationem, non adorandi propter religionem,' etc. | At the same time we do not despise the saints or think basely of them. For we acknowledge them to be living members of Christ and friends of God who have gloriously overcome the flesh and the world. Hence we love them as brothers, and also honor them; yet not with any kind of worship but by an honorable opinion of them and just praises of them. We also imitate them. For with ardent longings and supplications we earnestly desire to be imitators of their faith and virtues, to share eternal salvation with them, to dwell eternally with them in the presence of God, and to rejoice with them in Christ. And in this respect we approve of the opinion of St. Augustine in De Vera Religione: "Let not our religion be the cult of men who have died. For if they have lived holy lives, they are not to be thought of as seeking such honors; on the contrary, they want us to worship him by whose illumination they rejoice that we are fellow-servants of his merits. They are therefore to be honored by the way of imitation, but not to be adored in a religious manner," etc. |
| 6. Multo vero minus credimus, reliquias divorum adorandas esse aut colendas. Veteres isti sancti satis honorasse videbantur mortuos suos, si honeste mandassent terræ reliquias, postquam astra petiisset spiritus: ac omnium nobilissimas reliquias majorum æstimabant esse virtutes, doctrinam et fidem: quas ut commendabant cum laude mortuorum, ita eas exprimere adnitebantur, dum vivebant in terris. | Much less do we believe that the relics of the saints are to be adored and reverenced. Those ancient saints seemed to have sufficiently honored their dead when they decently committed their remains to the earth after the spirit had ascended on high. And they thought that the most noble relics of their ancestors were their virtues, their doctrine, and their faith. Moreover, as they commend these "relics" when praising the dead, so they strive to copy them during their life on earth. |
| 7. Illi ipsi veteres non jurarunt, nisi per nomen solius Dei Jehovah, sicuti lege divina est præceptum: qua sicut vetitum est jurare per nomina alienorum deorum (Exod. xxiii. 13; Deut. x. 20), sic nos juramenta per divos requisita non præstamus. Rejicimus ergo in his omnibus doctrinam divis coelitibus plus nimium tribuentem. | These ancient men did not swear except by the name of the only God, Yahweh, as prescribed by the divine law. Therefore, as it is forbidden to swear by the names of strange gods (Ex. 23:;13; Deut. 10:20), so we do not perform oaths to the saints that are demanded of us. We therefore reject in all these matters a doctrine that ascribes much too much to the saints in heaven. |
| CAP. VI. DE PROVIDENTIA DEI. | CHAPTER VI Of the Providence of God |
| 1. Dei hujus sapientis, æterni et omnipotentis providentia credimus cuncta in coelo et in terra et in creaturis omnibus conservari et gubernari. David enim testificatur et ait: Excelsus super omnes gentes Dominus, et super coelos gloria ejus. Quis sicut Dominus Deus noster, qui in altis habitat, et se demittit, ut inspiciat, quæ sunt in coelo et in terra? (Psa. cxiii. 5, 6). Idem rursus: Omnes vias meas prævidisti, quia non est verbum in lingua mea, quod non universum noveris, Domine (Psa. cxxxix. 3, 4). Testificatur et Paulus, et ait: Per ipsum vivimus, movemur et sumus (Act. xvii. 28). Et: Ex illo et per ilium et in ilium omnia (Rom. xi. 36). | We believe that all things in heaven and on earth, and in all creatures, are preserved and governed by the providence of this wise, eternal and almighty God. For David testifies and says: "The Lord is high above all nations, and his glory above the heavens! Who is like the Lord our God, who is seated on high, who looks far down upon the heavens and the earth?" (Ps. 113:4 ff.). Again: "Thou searchest out...all my ways. Even before a word is on my tongue, lo, O Lord, Thou knowest it altogether" (Ps. 139:3 f.). Paul also testifies and declares: "In him we live and move and have our being" (Acts 17:28), and "from him and through him and to him are all things" (Rom. 11:36). |
| 2. Verissime ergo et secundum Scripturam pronunciavit Augustinus (in libro De agone Christi, cap. viii.): 'Dominus dixit, nonne duo passeres asse veniunt, et unus eorum non cadit in terram sine voluntate Patris vestri? (Matt. x. 29). Ita vero loquens ostendere voluit, quidquid vilissimum homines putant, omnipotentia Domini gubernari. Sic enim et volatilia coeli ab eo pasci, et lilia agri ab eo vestiri, veritas loquitur, quæ capillos etiam nostros numeratos esse dicit, etc. (Matt, vi. 26–29).' | Therefore Augustine most truly and according to Scripture declared in his book De Agone Christi, cap. 8, "The Lord said, 'Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? And not one of them will fall to the ground without your Father's will' " (Matt. 10:29). By speaking thus he wanted to show that what men regard as of least value is governed by God's omnipotence. For he who is the truth says that the birds of the air are fed by him and lilies of the field are clothed by him; he also says that the hairs of our head are numbered (Matt. 6:26 ff.). |
| 3. Damnamus ergo Epicureos, providentiam Dei abnegantes, omnesque illos, qui blaspheme dicunt, Deum versari circa cardines coeli, et nos atque nostra nec videre nec curare. Damnavit hos etiam David, propheta regius, qui dixit: Quousque Domine! quousque impii exsultabunt? Dicunt: Dominus non videt, neque intelligit Deus Jacob. Intelligite stupidi in populo et stulti! quando demum sapietis? Is, qui aurem condidit, an non audiret? et qui oculum finxit, quomodo non videret? (Psa. xciv. 7–9). | We therefore condemn the Epicureans who deny the providence of God, and all those who blasphemously say that God is busy with the heavens and neither sees nor cares about us and our affairs. David, the royal prophet, also condemned this when he said: "O Lord, how long shall the wicked exult? They say, "The Lord does not see; the God of Jacob does not perceive." Understand, O dullest of the people! Fools, when will you be wise? He who planted the ear, does he not hear? He who formed the eye, does he not see?" (Ps. 94:3, 7-9). |
| 4. Interim vero media, per quæ operatur divina providentia, non aspernamur, ut inutilia, sed his hactenus nos accomodandos esse docemus, quatenus in verbo Dei nobis commendantur. Unde illorum voces temerarias improbamus, qui dicunt: si providentia Dei omnia geruntur, innutiles certe sunt conatus nostri et studia nostra: satis fuerit, si omnia divinæ permittamus providentiæ gubernanda, nec erit, quod porro simus solliciti de re ulla, aut quidquam faciamus. Tametsi enim Paulus agnosceret, se in Dei providentia navigare, qui ipse dixerat, oportet te et Romæ testificari (Act. xxiii. 11): qui insuper promiserat dixeratque: Jactura nulla erit ullius animæ, nec cadet pilus de capite vestro (Act. xxvii. 22, 34); nihilominus meditantibus fugam nautis, dicit idem ille Paulus centurioni et militibus: Nisi hi in navi manserint, vos servari non poteritis (ver. 31). Deus enim, qui cuilibet rei suum destinavit finem, is et principium et media, per quæ ad finem usque pervenitur, ordinavit. Ethnici fortunæ res attribuunt cæcæ, vel incerto casui. S. Jacobus non vult, ut dicamus, hodie et cras in illam urbem proficiscemur et negotiabimur, sed addit: Pro eo, quod dicere debueritis, si Dominus voluerit et vixerimus, hoc vel illud faciemus (Jac. iv. 13, 15); et Augustinus: 'Omnia quæ vanis videntur in rerum natura temere fieri, non faciunt, nisi verbum ejus' (Enarrat. in Psa. cxlviii.). Ita videbatur forte fortuna fieri, quod Saul quærens Patris asinas, incidit in prophetam Samuelem, sed antea dixerat Dominus ad prophetam: Cras mittam ad te virum de tribu Benjamin (1 Sam. ix. 16). | Nevertheless, we do not spurn as useless the means by which divine providence works, but we teach that we are to adapt ourselves to them in so far as they are recommended to us in the Word of God. Wherefore we disapprove of the rash statements of those who say that if all things are managed by the providence of God, then our efforts and endeavors are in vain. It will be sufficient if we leave everything to the governance of divine providence, and we will not have to worry about anything or do anything. For although Paul understood that he sailed under the providence of God who had said to him: "You must bear witness also at Rome" (Acts 23:11), and in addition had given him the promise, "There will be no loss of life among you...and not a hair is to perish from the head of any of you" (Acts 27:22,34), yet when the sailors were nevertheless thinking about abandoning ship the same Paul said to the centurion and the soldiers: "Unless these men stay in the ship, you cannot be saved" (Acts 27:31). For God, who has appointed to everything its end, has ordained the beginning and the means by which it reaches its goal. The heathen ascribe things to blind fortune and uncertain chance. But St. James does not want us to say: "Today or tomorrow we will go into such and such a town and trade," but adds: "Instead you ought to say, `If the Lord wills, we shall live and we shall do this or that' " (James 4:13, 15). And Augustine says: "Everything which to vain men seems to happen in nature by accident, occurs only by his Word, because it happens only at his command" (Enarrationes in Psalmos 148). Thus it seemed to happen by mere chance when Saul, while seeking his father's asses, unexpectedly fell in with the prophet Samuel. But previously the Lord had said to the prophet: "Tomorrow I will send to you a man from the land of Benjamin" (I Sam 9:15). |
| CAP. VII. DE CREATIONE RERUM OMNIUM, DE ANGELIS, DIABOLO, ET HOMINE. | CHAPTER VII Of The Creation of All Things: Of Angels, the Devil, and Man |
| 1. Deus hic bonus et omnipotens creavit omnia, cum visibilia, tum invisibilia, per Verbum suum coæternum, eademque quoque conservat per Spiritum suum coæternum, testificante Davide atque dicente: Verbo Dei coeli facti sunt, et in Spiritu oris ejus omnis virtus eorum (Psa. xxxiii. 6). Omnia autem, quæ condidit Deus, erant, ut Scriptura ait, valde bona (Gen. i. 31), et ad utilitatem usumque hominis condita. | This good and almighty God created all things, both visible and invisible, by his co-eternal Word, and preserves them by his co-eternal Spirit, as David testified when he said: "By the word of the Lord the heavens were made, and all their host by the breath of his mouth" (Ps. 33:6). And, as Scripture says, everything that God had made was very good, and was made for the profit and use of man. |
| 2. Cuncta vero illa dicimus ab uno profecta esse principio. Damnamus ergo Manichæos et Marcionitas, qui impie fingebant duas substantias atque natural boni et mali, duo item principia, et duos sibi adversos Deos, bonum et malum. | Now we assert that all those things proceed from one beginning. Therefore, we condemn the Manichaeans and Marcionites who impiously imagined two substances and natures, one good and the other evil; also two beginnings and two gods contrary to each other, a good and an evil one. |
| 3. Inter omnes creaturas præstant angeli atque homines. De angelis pronunciat Scriptura divina: Qui creat angelos suos spiritus, et ministros suos flammam ignis (Psa. civ. 4); item: Nonne omnes sunt administratorii spiritus, qui in ministerium emittuntur, propter eos, qui hæredes sunt salutis? (Heb. i. 14). Dominus vero Jesus ipse testificatur de diabolo: Ille, inquit, homicida erat ab initio, et in veritate non stetit, quia non est veritas in eo; cum loquitur mendacium, ex propriis loquitur, quia mendax est, atque ejus rei pater (Joh. viii. 44). | Among all creatures, angels and men are most excellent. Concerning angels, Holy Scripture declares: "who makest the winds thy messengers, fire and flame thy ministers" (Ps 104:4). Also it says: "Are they not all ministering spirits sent forth to serve, for the sake of those who are to obtain salvation?" (Heb. 1:14). Concerning the Devil, the Lord Jesus Himself testifies: "He was a murderer from the beginning, and has nothing to do with the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies" (John 8:44). |
| 4. Docemus ergo, angelos alios quidem perstitisse in obedientia, ac ad fidele Dei et hominum ministerium esse deputatos: alios vero sua sponte lapsos, et in exitium esse præcipitatos, factosque esse omnis boni fideliumque hostes, etc. | Consequently we teach that some angels persisted in obedience and were appointed for faithful service to God and men, but others fell of their own free will and were cast into destruction, becoming enemies of all good and of the faithful, etc. |
| 5. Jam vero de homine dicit Scriptura, quod ab initio conditus sit bonus, ad imaginem et similitudinem Dei; quod Deus collocaverit eum in paradisum, subjeceritque ei omnia (Gen. i. 27, 28; ii. 8; v. 1). Id, quod David magnifice celebrat in Psa. viii. Addidit ei insuper conjugem ac benedixit eis (ii. 22 sqq.). | Now concerning, Scripture says that in the beginning he was made good according to the image and likeness of God; that God placed him in paradise and made all thing subject to him (Gen. chp 2). This is what David magnificently sets forth in Psalm 8. Moreover, God gave him a wife and blessed them. |
| 6. Dicimus autem, constare hominem duabus ac diversis quidem substantiis, in una persona, anima immortali, utpote quæ separata a corpore, nec dormit, nec interit, et corpore mortali, quod tamen in ultimo judicio a mortuis resuscitabitur, ut totus homo inde, vel in vita, vel in morte, æternum maneat. | We also affirm that man consists of two different substances in one person: an immortal soul which, when separate from the body, neither sleeps nor dies, and a mortal body which will nevertheless be raised up from the dead at the last judgement, in order that then the whole man, either in life or in death, abide forever. |
| 7. Damnamus omnes, qui irrident aut subtilibus disputationibus in dubium vocant immortalitatem animarum, aut animam dicunt dormire, aut partem esse Dei. Breviter, damnamus omnes omnium opiniones, quotquot diversa sentiunt de creatione, de angelis, et dæmonibus, et homine, ab iis, quæ nobis tradita sunt per Scripturas Sanctas, in Apostolica Christi Ecclesia. | We condemn all who ridicule or by subtle arguments cast doubt upon the immortality of the soul, or who say that the soul sleeps or is a part of God. In short, we condemn all opinions of all men, however many, that depart from what has been delivered unto us by the Holy Scriptures in the Apostolic Church of Christ concerning creation, angels, and demons, and man. |
| CAP. VIII. DE LAPSU HOMINIS, ET PECCATO, ET CAUSA PECCATI. | CHAPTER VIII Of Man's Fall, Sin and the Cause of Sin |
| 1. Fuit homo ab initio a Deo conditus ad imaginem Dei, in justitia et sanctitate veritatis, bonus et rectus. Sed instinctu serpentis, et sua culpa a bonitate et rectitudine deficiens, peccato, morti, variisque calamitatibus factus est obnoxius. Et qualis factus est a lapsu, tales sunt omnes, qui ex ipso prognati sunt, peccato, inquam, morti, variisque obnoxii calamitatibus. | In the beginning, man was made according to the image of God, in righteousness and true holiness, good and upright. But when at the instigation of the serpent and by his own fault he abandoned goodness and righteousness, he became subject to sin, death and various calamities. And what he became by the fall, that is, subject to sin, death and various calamities, so are all those who have descended from him. |
| 2. Peccatum autem intelligimus esse nativam illam hominis corruptionem, ex primis illis nostris parentibus, in nos omnes derivatam vel propagatam, qua concupiscentiis pravis inmersi, et a bono aversi, ad omne vero malum propensi, pleni omni nequitia, diffidentia, contemtu et odio Dei, nihil boni ex nobis ipsis facere, imo ne cogitare quidem possumus. | By sin we understand that innate corruption of man which has been derived or propagated in us all from our first parents, by which we, immersed in perverse desires and averse to all good, are inclined to all evil. Full of all wickedness, distrust, contempt and hatred of God, we are unable to do or even to think anything good of ourselves. |
| 3. Quinimo accedentibus jam etiam annis, cogitationibus, dictis et factis pravis contra legem Dei admissis, corruptos fructus, mala arbore dignos, proferimus (Matt. xii. 33): quo nomine, merito nostro, iræ Dei obnoxii, poenis subjicimur justis; adeoque a Deo abjecti essemus omnes, nisi reduxisset nos Christus liberator. | Moreover, even as we grow older, so by wicked thoughts, words and deeds committed against God's law, we bring forth corrupt fruit worthy of an evil tree (Matt. 12:33 ff.). For this reason by our own deserts, being subject to the wrath of God, we are liable to just punishment, so that all of us would have been cast away by God if Christ, the Deliverer, had not brought us back. |
| 4. Per mortem itaque intelligimus non tantum corpoream mortem, quæ omnibus nobis semel, propter peccata, est obeunda, sed etiam supplicia sempiterna, peccatis et corruptioni nostræ debita. Nam Apostolus: Eramus mortui, inquit, delictis ac peccatis, et eramus naturâ filii iræ, sicut et ceteri. Sed Deus, qui dives est misericordia, cum essemus mortui per delicta, convivificavit nos una cum Christo (Eph. ii. 1, 3, 4, 5). Item: Sicut per unum hominem peccatum in mundum in troiit, ac per peccatum mors, et ita in omnes homines mors transiit, in quo omnes peccarunt (Rom. v. 12). | By death we understand not only bodily death, which all of us must once suffer on account of sins, but also eternal punishment due to our sins and corruption. For the apostle says: "We were dead through trespasses and sins...and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. But God, who is rich in mercy...even when we were dead through our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ" (Eph. 2:1 ff.) Also: "As sin came into the world through one man and death through sin, and so death spread to all men because all men sinned" (Rom. 5:12). |
| 5. Agnoscimus ergo, in omnibus hominibus esse originale peccatum; agnoscimus, omnia alia peccata, quæ ex hoc oriuntur, et dici, et vere esse peccata, quaiicunque nomine nuncupentur, sive mortalia, sive venialia, sive illud quoque, quod vocatur peccatum in Spiritum Sanctum, quod nunquam remittitur (Marc. iii. 29; 1 Joh. v. 16). | We therefore acknowledge that there is original sin in all men. We acknowledge that all other sins which arise from it are called and truly are sins, no matter by what name they may be called, whether mortal, venial or that which is said to be the sin against the Holy Spirit which is never forgiven (Mark 3:29; I John 5:16). |
| 6. Fatemur etiam, peccata non esse æqualia, licet ex eodem corruptionis et incredulitatis fonte exoriantur, sed alia aliis esse graviora. Sicut Dominus dixit: Sodomæ tolerabilius futurum, quam urbi rejicienti verbum evanqelii (Matt. x. 14, 15; xi. 24; 1 Joh. v. 16, 17). | We also confess that sins are not equal; although they arise from the same fountain of corruption and unbelief, some are more serious than others. As the Lord said, it will be more tolerable for Sodom than for the city that rejects the word of the Gospel (Matt. 10:14 f.; 11:20 ff.). |
| 7. Damnamus ergo omnes, qui his contraria docuerunt, imprimis vero Pelagium et omnes Pelagianos, una cum Jovinianistis, peccata cum Stoicis paria facientibus. Sentimus per omnia in hac causa cum S. Augustino, qui sua ex Scripturis Sanctis protulit atque defendit. | We therefore condemn all who have taught contrary to this, especially Pelagius and all Pelagians, together with the Jovinians who, with the Stoics, regard all sins as equal. In this whole matter we agree with St. Augustine who derived and defended his view from Holy Scriptures. |
| 8. Damnamus præterea Florinum et Blastum, contra quos et Irenæus scripsit, et omnes, qui Deum faciunt auctorem peccati. Cum diserte scriptum sit: Tu non es Deus, qui velit iniquitatem. Odisti omnes, qui operantur iniquitatem, perdes omnes, qui loquuntur mendacium (Psa. v. 5–7). Et iterum: Cum loquitur diabolus mendacium, ex propriis loquitur, quia mendax est, et pater ejus rei (Joh. viii. 44). Sed et in nobis ipsis satis est vitii corruptionisque, ut nihil necesse sit, Deum infundere nobis novam aut auctiorem pravitatem. | Moreover, we condemn Florinus and Blastus, against whom Irenaeus wrote, and all who make God the author of sin. It is expressly written: "Thou art not a God who delights in wickedness. Thou hatest all evildoers. Thou destroyest those who speak lies" (Ps. 5:4 ff.). And again: "When the devil lies, he speaks according to his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies" (John 8:44). Moreover, there is enough sinfulness and corruption in us that it is not necessary for God to infuse into us a new or still greater perversity. |
| 9. Proinde quando dicitur in Scripturis Deus indurare, excoecare, et tradere in reprobum sensum, intelligendum id est, quod justo judicio Deus id faciat, tanquam judex et ultor justus. Denique quotiescunque Deus aliquid maii in Scriptura facere dicitur atque videtur, non ideo dicitur, quod homo malum non faciat, sed quod Deus fieri sinat et non prohibeat, justo suo judicio, qui prohibere potuisset, si voluisset; vel, quod malo hominum bene utatur, ut peccatis fratrum Josephi: vel quod ipse peccata gubernet, ne latius, quam par est, erumpant atque grassentur, S. Augustinus, in Enchiridio suo, 'Miro modo, inquit, et ineffabili non fit præter voluntatem ejus, quod etiam fit contra voluntatem ejus. Quia non fieret, si fieri non sineret. nec utique nolens sinit, sed volens. Nec sineret bonus fieri male, nisi omnipotens etiam de malo facere posset bene.' Hæc ille. | When, therefore, it is said in Scripture that God hardens, blinds and delivers up to a reprobate mind, it is to be understood that God does it by a just judgment as a just Judge and Avenger. Finally, as often as God in Scripture is said or seems to do something evil, it is not thereby said that man does not do evil, but that God permits it and does not prevent it, according to his just judgment, who could prevent it if he wished, or because he turns man's evil into good, as he did in the case of the sin of Joseph's brethren, or because he governs sins lest they break out and rage more than is appropriate. St. Augustine writes in his Enchiridion: "What happens contrary to his will occurs, in a wonderful and ineffable way, not apart from his will. For it would not happen if he did not allow it. And yet he does not allow it unwillingly but willingly. But he who is good would not permit evil to be done, unless, being omnipotent, he could bring good out of evil." Thus wrote Augustine. |
| 10. Reliquas quæstiones, an Deus voluerit labi Adamum, aut impulerit ad lapsum, aut quare lapsum non impediverit, et similes quæstiones deputamus inter curiosas (nisi forte cum hæreticorum aut alioqui importunorum hominum improbitas cogit ista etiam ex verbo Dei explicare, sicut fecerunt non raro pii ecclesiæ doctores), scientes Dominum prohibuisse, ne homo ederet de fructu prohibito, et transgressionem punivisse; sed et mala non esse, quæ fiunt, respectu providentiæ Dei, voluntatis ac potestatis Dei, sed respectu Satanæ et voluntatis nostræ, voluntati Dei repugnantis. | Other questions, such as whether God willed Adam to fall, or incited him to fall, or why he did not prevent the fall, and similar questions, we reckon among curious questions (unless perchance the wickedness of heretics or of other churlish men compels us also to explain them out of the Word of God, as the godly teachers of the Church have frequently done), knowing that the Lord forbade man to eat of the forbidden fruit and punished his transgression. We also know that what things are done are not evil with respect to the providence, will, and the power of God, but in respect of Satan and our will opposing the will of God. |
| CAP. IX. DE LIBERO ARBITRIO ADEOQUE VIRIBUS HOMINIS. | CHAPTER IX Of Free Will, and Thus of Human Powers |
| 1. Docemus in hac causa, quæ semper in Ecclesia multas peperit conflictationes, conditionem vel statum hominis triplicem esse considerandum. Principio qualis fuerit homo ante lapsum, rectus nimirum et liber, qui et in bono manere et ad malum potuerit declinare; declinaverit autem ad malum, implicaveritque peccato et morti, et se, et omne genus mortalium, sicuti dictum est antea. | In this matter, which has always produced many conflicts in the Church, we teach that a threefold condition or state of man is to be considered. There is the state in which man was in the beginning before the fall, namely, upright and free, so that he could both continue in goodness and decline to evil. However, he declined to evil, and has involved himself and the whole human race in sin and death, as has been said already. |
| 2. Deinde considerandum est, qualis fuerit homo post lapsum. Non sublatus est quidem homini intellectus, non erepta ei voluntas, et prorsus in lapidem vel truncum est commutatus; ceterum illa ita sunt immutata et inminuta in homine, ut non possint amplius, quod potuerunt ante lapsum. Intellectus enim obscuratus est, voluntas vero ex libera facta est voluntas serva. Nam servit peccato, non nolens, sed volens. | Then we are to consider what man was after the fall. To be sure, his reason was not taken from him, nor was he deprived of will, and he was not entirely changed into a stone or a tree. But they were so altered and weakened that they no longer can do what they could before the fall. For the understanding is darkened, and the will which was free has become an enslaved will. Now it serves sin, not unwillingly but willingly. |
| 3. Etenim voluntas non noluntas dicitur. Ergo quoad malum sive peccatum, homo non coactus vel a Deo vel a diabolo, sed sua sponte, malum facit; et hac parte liberrimi est arbitrii. Quod vero non raro cernimus, pessima hominis facinora et consilia impediri a Deo, ne finem suum consequantur, non tollit homini libertatem in malo, sed Deus potentia sua prævenit, quod homo alias libere instituit, sicut fratres Josephi Josephum libere instituunt tollere; sed non possunt, quod Dei consilio aliud visum esset. | And indeed, it is called a will, not an unwill (ing). Therefore, in regard to evil or sin, man is not forced by God or by the devil but does evil by his own free will, and in this respect he has a most free will. But when we frequently see that the worst crimes and designs of men are prevented by God from reaching their purpose, this does not take away man's freedom in doing evil, but God by his own power prevents what man freely planned otherwise. Thus Joseph's brothers freely determined to get rid of him, but they were unable to do it because something else seemed good to the counsel of God. |
| 4. Quantum vero ad bonum et ad virtutes, intellectus hominis non recte judicat de divinis ex semetipso. Requirit enim Scriptura Evangelica et Apostolica regenerationem abs quolibet nostrûm, qui salvari velimus. Unde nativitas prior ex Adamo ad salutem nihil nobis confert. Paulus, animalis homo, ait, non percipit ea, quæ sunt Spiritus Dei, etc. (1 Cor. ii. 14). Idem: Negat alicubi nos idoneos esse, ex nobis ipsis cogitare aliquid boni (2 Cor. iii. 5). | In regard to goodness and virtue man's reason does not judge rightly of itself concerning divine things. For the evangelical and apostolic Scripture requires regeneration of whoever among us wishes to be saved. Hence our first birth from Adam contributes nothing to out salvation. Paul says: "The unspiritual man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of God," etc. (I Cor. 2:14). And in another place he denies that we of ourselves are capable of thinking anything good (II Cor. 3:5) |
| 5. Constat vero, mentem vel intellectum ducem esse voluntatis, cum autem cæcus sit dux, claret, quonsque et voluntas pertingat. Proinde nullum est ad bonum homini arbitrium liberum, nondum renato, vires nullæ ad perficiendum bonum. Dominus in Evangelio dicit: Amen, amen dico vobis, quod omnis, qui facit peccatum, servus est peccati (Joh. viii. 34). Et Paulus Apostolus: Affectus carnis, inquit, inimicitia est adversus Deum, nam legi Dei non subditur, imo ne potest quidem (Rom. viii. 1). | Now it is known that the mind or intellect is the guide of the will, and when the guide is blind, it is obvious how far the will reaches. Wherefore, man not yet regenerate has no free will for good, no strength to perform what is good. The Lord says in the Gospel: "Truly, truly, I say to you, everyone who commits sin is a slave to sin" (John 8:34). And the apostle Paul says: "The mind that is set on the flesh is hostile to God; it does not submit to God's law, indeed it cannot" (Rom. 8:7). Yet in regard to earthly things, fallen man is not entirely lacking in understanding. |
| 6. Porro terrenarum rerum intelligentia in lapso homine non est nulla. Reliquit enim Deus ex misericordia ingenium, multum tamen distans ab eo, quod inerat ante lapsum. Jubet Deus excolere ingenium, et addit dona simul et profectum. Et manifestum est, quam nihil proficiamus in artibus omnibus sine benedictione Dei. Scriptura certe omnes artes ad Deum refert. Nam et ethnici retulerunt artium origines ad inventores Deos. | For God in his mercy has permitted the powers of the intellect to remain, though differing greatly from what was in man before the fall. God commands us to cultivate our natural talents, and meanwhile adds both gifts and success. And it is obvious that we make no progress in all the arts without God's blessing. In any case, Scripture refers all the arts to God; and, indeed, the heathen trace the origin of the arts to the gods who invented them. |
| 7. Postremo videndum, an regenerati sint liberi arbitrii, et quatenus. In regeneratione intellectus illuminatur, per Spiritum Sanctum, ut et mysteria et voluntatem Dei intelligat. Et voluntas ipsa non tantum mutatur per Spiritum, set etiam instruitur facultatibus, ut sponte velit et possit bonum (Rom. viii. 5, 6). Nisi hoc dederimus, negabimus Christianam libertatem, et inducemus legalem servitutem. Sed et Propheta facit Deum loquentem: Dabo legem meam in mentes illorum, et in cordibus eorum inscribam eas (Jer. xxxi. 33). Dominus quoque dicit in Evangelio: Si Filius vos liberaverit, vere liberi estis (Joh. viii. 36; Ezek. xxxvi. 26). Paulus quoque ad Philippenses (i. 24): Vobis, donatum est, inquit, pro Christo, non solum, ut in eum credatis, sed etiam ut pro illo patiamini. Et iterum: Persuasum habeo, quod is, qui coepit in vobis bonum opus, perficiet usque ad diem Domini Jesu (Phil. i. 6); item: Deus est, qui agit in vobis, et ut velitis, et ut efficiatis (Phil. ii. 13). | Finally, we must see whether the regenerate have free wills, and to what extent. In regeneration the understanding is illumined by the Holy Spirit in order that it many understand both the mysteries and the will of God. And the will itself is not only changed by the Spirit, but it is also equipped with faculties so that it wills and is able to do the good of its own accord (Rom. 8:1ff.). Unless we grant this, we will deny Christian liberty and introduce a legal bondage. But the prophet has God saying: "I will put my law within them, and I will write it upon their hearts" (Jer. 31:33; Ezek. 36:26f.). The Lord also says in the Gospel: "If the Son makes you free, you will be free indeed" (John 8:36). Paul also writes to the Philippians: "It has been granted to you that for the sake of Christ you should not only believe in him but also suffer for his sake" (Phil. 1:29). Again: "I am sure that he who began a good work in you will bring it to completion at the day of Jesus Christ" (v. 6). Also: "God is at work in you, both to will and to work for his good pleasure" (ch. 2:13). |
| 8. Ubi interim duo observanda esse docemus: Primum, regeneratos in boni electione et operatione, non tantum agere passive, sed active. Aguntur enim a Deo, ut agant ipsi, quod agunt. Recte enim Augustinus adducit illud, quod Deus dicitur noster adjutor. Nequit autem adjuvari, nisi is, qui aliquid agit. Manichæi spoliabant hominem omni actione, et veluti saxum et truncum faciebant. | However, in this connection we teach that there are two things to be observed: First, that the regenerate, in choosing and doing good, work not only passively but actively. For they are moved by God that they may do themselves what they do. For Augustine rightly adduces the saying that "God is said to be our helper. But no one can be helped unless he does something." The Manichaeans robbed man of all activity and made him like a stone or a block of wood. |
| 9. Secundum, in regeneratis remanere infirmitatem. Cum enim inhabitet in nobis peccatum, et caro in renatis obluctetur spiritui, in finem usque vitæ nostræ, non expedite omnino perficiunt regenerati, quod instituerant. Confirmantur hæc ab Apostolo ad Rom. vii. et Gal. v. | Secondly, in the regenerate a weakness remains. For since sin dwells in us, and in the regenerate the flesh struggles against the Spirit till the end of our lives, they do not easily accomplish in all things what they had planned. These things are confirmed by the apostle in Rom., ch. 7, and Gal., ch. 5. |
| 10. Proinde infirmum est nostrum illud liberum arbitrium, propter reliquias remanentis in nobis, ad finem usque vitæ nostræ, veteris Adami, agnatæque corruptionis humanæ. Interim cum carnis vires et reliquiæ veteris hominis non ita sint efficaces, ut extinguant penitus Spiritus operationem; idcirco fideles liberi dicuntur, ita tamen, ut agnoscant infirmitatem, et nihil glorientur de libero arbitrio. Semper enim animis fidelium obversari debet, quod toties inculcat beatus Augustinus ex Apostolo: Quid habes, quod non accepisti, et si accepisti, quid gloriaris, quasi non acceperis? (1 Cor. iv. 7). His accedit, quod non statim evenit, quod institueramus. Eventus enim rerum positi sunt in manu Dei. Unde Paulus orat Dominum, ut prosperet iter suum (Rom. i. 10). Unde vel hac causa infirmum est liberum arbitrium. | Therefore that free will is weak in us on account of the remnants of the old Adam and of innate human corruption remaining in us until the end of our lives. Meanwhile, since the powers of the flesh and the remnants of the old man are not so efficacious that they wholly extinguish the work of the Spirit, for that reason the faithful are said to be free, yet so that they acknowledge their infirmity and do not glory at all in their free will. For believers ought always to keep in mind what St. Augustine so many times inculcated according to the apostle: "What have you that you did not receive? If then you received it, why do you boast as if it were not a gift?" To this he adds that what we have planned does not immediately come to pass. For the issue of things lies in the hand of God. This is the reason Paul prayed to the Lord to prosper his journey (Rom. 1:10). And this also is the reason the free will is weak. |
| 11. Ceterum nemo negat, in externis, et regenitos et non regenitos habere liberum arbitrium; habet enim homo hanc constitutionem cum animantibus aliis (quibus non est inferior) communem, ut alia velit, alia nolit. Ita loqui potest, aut tacere, domo egredi, vel domi manere, etc. Quamvis semper et hic potentia Dei observanda sit: quæ effecit, ut Balaam eo non posset pertingere, quo volebat (Num. xxiv.), neque Zacharias, rediens ex templo, loqui posset, prout volebat (Luc. i. 22). | Moreover, no one denies that in external things both the regenerate and the unregenerate enjoy free will. For man has in common with other living creatures (to which he is not inferior) this nature to will some things and not to will others. Thus he is able to speak or to keep silent, to go out of his house or to remain at home, etc. However, even here God's power is always to be observed, for it was the cause that Balaam could not go as far as he wanted (Num., ch. 24), and Zacharias upon returning from the temple could not speak as he wanted (Luke, ch.1). |
| 12. Damnamus hac in causa Manichæos, qui negant, homini bono ex libero arbitrio fuisse initium mali. Damnamus etiam Pelagianos, qui dicunt, hominem malum sufficienter habere liberum arbitrium, ad faciendum præceptum bonum. Redarguuntur utrique a Scriptura Sancta, quæ illis dicit: Fecit Deus hominem rectum (Eccles. vii. 29), his vero dicit: Si Filius vos liberaverit, vere liberi estis (Joh., viii. 36). | In this matter we condemn the Manichaeans who deny that the beginning of evil was for man [created] good, from his free will. We also condemn the Pelagians who assert that an evil man has sufficient free will to do the good that is commanded. Both are refuted by Holy Scripture which says to the former, "God made man upright" and to the latter, "If the Son makes you free, you will be free indeed" (John 8:36). |
| CAP. X. DE PRÆDESTINATIONE DEI ET ELECTIONE SANCTORUM. | CHAPTER X Of the Predestination of God and the Election of the Saints |
| 1. Deus ab æterno prædestinavit vel elegit libere et mera sua gratia, nullo hominum respectu, sanctos, quos vult salvos facere in Christo, juxta illud Apostoli: Deus elegit nos in ipso, antequam jacerentur fundamenta mundi (Eph. i. 4), et iterum: Qui salvos fecit nos, et vocavit vocatione sancta, non secundum opera nostra, sed secundum suum propositum et gratiam, quæ data quidem est nobis, per Jesum Christum, ante tempora æterna, sed palam facta est nunc per apparitionem Servatoris nostri Jesu Christi (2 Tim. i. 9, 10). | From eternity God has freely, and of his mere grace, without any respect to men, predestinated or elected the saints whom he wills to save in Christ, according to the saying of the apostle, "God chose us in him before the foundation of the world" (Eph. 1:4). And again: "Who saved us and called an with a holy calling, not in virtue of our works but in virtue of his own purpose and the grace which he gave us in Christ Jesus ages ago, and now has manifested through the appearing of our Savior Christ Jesus" (II Tim. 1:9 f.). |
| 2. Ergo non sine medio, licet non propter ullum meritum nostrum, sed in Christo et propter Christum, nos elegit Deus, ut qui jam sunt in Christo insiti per fidem, illi ipsi etiam sint electi, reprobi vero, qui sunt extra Christum, secundum illud Apostoli: Vos ipsos tentate, num sitis in fide. An non cognoscitis vosmet ipsos, quod Jesus Christus in vobis est? nisi sicubi reprobi estis (2 Cor. xiii. 5). | Therefore, although not on account of any merit of ours, God has elected us, not directly, but in Christ, and on account of Christ, in order that those who are now engrafted into Christ by faith might also be elected. But those who were outside Christ were rejected, according to the word of the apostle, "Examine yourselves, to see whether you are holding to your faith. Test yourselves. Do you not realize that Jesus Christ is in you? -- unless indeed you fail to meet the test!" (II Cor. 13:5). |
| 3. Denique electi sunt sancti in Christo per Deum ad finem certum, quem et ipsum exponit Apostolus et ait: Elegit nos in ipso, ut essemus sancti et irreprehensibiles coram illo per caritatem; qui prædestinavit nos, ut adoptaret in filios per Jesum Christum, in sese, ut laudetur gloria gratiæ suæ (Eph. i. 4, 5, 6). | Finally, the saints are chosen in Christ by God for a definite purpose, which the apostle himself explains when he says, "He chose us in him for adoption that we should be holy and blameless before him in love. He destined us for adoption to be his sons through Jesus Christ that they should be to the praise of the glory of his grace" (Eph. 1:4 ff.). |
| 4. Et quamvis Deus norit, qui sint sui, et alicubi mentio fiat paucitatis electorum, bene sperandum est tamen de omnibus, neque temere reprobis quisquam est adnumerandus. Paulus certe ad Philippenses: Gratias ago, inquit, pro omnibus vobis (loquitur autem de tota Ecclesia Philippensi), quod veneritis in communionem evangelii, persuasum habens, quod is, qui coepit opus bonum in vobis, perfidet, sicut justum est, ut hoc sentiam de vobis omnibus (Phil. i. 3–7). | And although God knows who are his, and here and there mention is made of the small number of elect, yet we must hope well of all, and not rashly judge any man to be a reprobate. For Paul says to the Philippians, "I thank my God for you all" (now he speaks of the whole Church in Phillippi), "because of your fellowship in the Gospel, being persuaded that he who began a good work in you will bring it to completion at the day of Jesus Christ. It is also right that I have this opinion of you all" (Phil. 1:3 ff.). |
| 5. Et cum (Luc. xiii.) rogaretur Dominus: an pauci sint, qui salventur? non respondet Dominus ac dicit, paucos aut plures fore servandos, aut perdendos, sed hortatur potius, ut quisque contendat ingredi per portam arctam. Quasi dixerit, vestrum non est, de his curiosius inquirere, sed magis adniti, ut per rectam viam coelum ingrediamini. | And when the Lord was asked whether there were few that should be saved, he does not answer and tell them that few or many should be saved or damned, but rather he exhorts every man to "strive to enter by the narrow door" (Luke 13:24): as if he should say, It is not for you curiously to inquire about these matters, but rather to endeavor that you may enter into heaven by the straight way. |
| 6. Proinde non probamus impias quorundam voces, qui dicunt: pauci sunt electi, et cum mihi non constet, an sim in illo paucorum numero, genium meum non fraudabo. Alii dicunt: si prædestinatus vel electus sum a Deo, nihil impediet me a salute certo jam definita, quicquid tandem designavero. Si vero sum de reproborum numero, nulla me vel fides vel poenitentia juvabit, cum definitio Dei mutari non possit. Itaque inutiles sunt doctrinæ et admonitiones omnes. Nam contra hos pugnat illud Apostoli: Oportet servum Domini propensum esse ad docendum, erudientem eos, qui obsistunt, si quando det Deus illis poenitentiam, ad agnoscendum veritatem, ut resipiscant a laqueo diaboli, capti ab eo ad ejus voluntatem (2 Tim. ii. 24–26). | Therefore we do not approve of the impious speeches of some who say, "Few are chosen, and since I do not know whether I am among the number of the few, I will enjoy myself." Others say, "If I am predestinated and elected by God, nothing can hinder me from salvation, which is already certainly appointed for me, no matter what I do. But if I am in the number of the reprobate, no faith or repentance will help me, since the decree of God cannot be changed. Therefore all doctrines and admonitions are useless." Now the saying of the apostle contradicts these men: "The Lord's servant must be ready to teach, instructing those who oppose him, so that if God should grant that they repent to know the truth, they may recover from the snare of the devil, after being held captive by him to do his will" (II Tim. 2:23 ff.). |
| 7. Sed et Augustinus de bono perseverantiæ cap. xiv. et conseq. ostendit, utrumque esse prædicandum et liberæ electionis prædestinationisque gratiam, et admonitiones et doctrinas salutares. Improbamus itaque illos, qui extra Christum quærunt: an sint electi? Et quid ante omnem æternitatem de ipsis statuerit Deus? | Augustine also shows that both the grace of free election and the predestination, and also salutary admonitions and doctrines, are to be preached (Lib. de Dono Perseverantiae, cap. 14 ff.).We therefore find fault with those who outside of Christ ask whether they are elected. And what has God decreed concerning them before all eternity? |
| 8. Audienda est enim prædicatio Evangelii, eique credendum est: et pro indubitato habendum, si credis ac sis in Christo, electum te esse. Pater enim prædestinationis suæ æternam sententiam, sicut modo ex Apostolo (2 Tim. i.) exposui, in Christo nobis aperuit. Docendum ergo et considerandum ante omnia, quantus amor Patris erga nos in Christo nobis sit revelatus; audiendum, quid nobis quotidie in Evangelio ipse Dominus prædicet, quomodo vocet et dicat: Venite ad me omnes, qui laborati et onerati estis, ego vos reficiam (Matt. xi. 28). Sic Deus dilexit mundum, ut unigenitum dederit pro mundo, ut omnis, qui credit in eum non pereat, sed habeat vitam æternam (Joh. iii. 16). Item: Non est voluntas Patris, ut quisquam de his pusillis pereat (Matt. xviii. 14). | For the preaching of the Gospel is to be heard, and it is to be believed; and it is to be held as beyond doubt that if you believe and are in Christ, you are elected. For the Father has revealed unto us in Christ the eternal purpose of his predestination, as I have just now shown from the apostle in II Tim. 1:9-10. This is therefore above all to be taught and considered, what great love of the Father toward us is revealed to us in Christ. We must hear what the Lord himself daily preaches to us in the Gospel, how he calls and says: "Come to me all who labor and are heavy-laden, and I will give you rest" (Matt. 11:28). "God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life" (John 3:16). Also, "It is not the will of my Father that one of these little ones should perish" (Matt. 18:14). |
| 9. Christus itaque sit speculum, in quo prædestinationem nostram contemplemur. Satis perspicuum et firmum habebimus testimonium, nos in libro vitæ inscriptos esse, si communicaverimus cum Christo, et is in vera fide noster sit, nos ejus simus. Consoletur nos in tentatione prædestinationis, qua vix alia est periculosior, quod promissiones Dei sunt universales fidelibus, quod ipse ait: Petite et accipietis. Omnis qui petit, accipit (Luc. xi. 9, 10). | Let Christ, therefore be the looking glass, in whom we may contemplate our predestination. We shall have a sufficiently clear and sure testimony that we are inscribed in the Book of Life if we have fellowship with Christ, and he is ours and we are his in true faith. In the temptation in regard to predestination, than which there is scarcely any other more dangerous, we are confronted by the fact that God's promises apply to all the faithful, for he says: "Ask, and everyone who seeks, shall receive" (Luke 11:9 f.) |
| 10. Quod denique cum universa Dei Ecclesia oramus: 'Pater noster, qui es in coelis;' et quod baptismo sumus insiti corpori Christi, et pascimur in Ecclesia ejus carne et sanguine frequenter ad vitam æternam. His confirmati cum timore et tremore, juxta Pauli præceptum, nostram salutem operari jubemur (Phil. ii. 12). | This finally we pray, with the whole Church of God, "Our Father who art in heaven" (Matt. 6:9), both because by baptism we are ingrafted into the body of Christ, and we are often fed in his Church with his flesh and blood unto life eternal. Thereby, being strengthened, we are commanded to work out our salvation with fear trembling, according to the precept of Paul. |
| CAP. XI. DE JESU CHRISTO, VERO DEO ET HOMINE, UNICO MUNDI SALVATORE. | CHAPTER XI Of Jesus Christ, True God and Man, the Only Savior of the World |
| 1. Credimus præterea et docemus, Filium Dei Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum ab æterno prædestinatum vel præordinatum esse a Patre salvatorem mundi: credimusque hunc esse genitum, non tantum, cum ex virgine Maria carnem adsumsit, nec tantum ante jacta fundamenta mundi, sed ante omnem æternitatem, et quidem a Patre, ineffabiliter. Nam Esaias dixit: Generationem ejus quis enarrabit? (liii. 8); et Micheas: Et egressus ejus a diebus æternitatis (v. 2). Nam et Joannes in Evangelio dixit: In principio erat verbum, et verbum erat apud Deum, et Deus erat verbum (i. 1). | We further believe and teach that the Son of God, our Lord Jesus Christ, was predestinated or foreordained from eternity by the Father to be the Savior of the world. And we believe that he was born, not only when he assumed flesh of the Virgin Mary, and not only before the foundation of the world was laid, but by the Father before all eternity in an inexpressible manner. For Isaiah said: "Who can tell his generation?" (Ch. 53:8). And Micah says: "His origin is from of old, from ancient days" (Micah 5:2). And John said in the Gospel: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God," etc. (Ch. 1:1). |
| 2. Proinde Filius est Patri juxta divinitatem coæqualis et consubitantialis, Deus verus, non nuncupatione, aut adoptione, aut ulla dignatione, sed substantia atque natura (Phil. ii. 6), sicut Joannes Apostolus iterum dixit: Hic est verus Deus, et vita æterna (1 Joh. v. 20); et Paul us quoque: Filium, ait, constituit hæredem omnium, per quem et secula fecit: idem est splendor gloriæ et character substantiæ ejus, portans omnia verbo potentiæ suæ (Heb. i. 2, 3). Nam in Evangelio ipse quoque Dominus dixit: Pater glorifica tu me apud temet ipsum gloria, quam habui, priusquam hic mundus esset, apud te (Joh. xvii. 5). Nam et alibi in Evangelio scribitur: Judæi quærebant occidere Jesum, quod Patrem suum dixisset Deum, æqualem se ipsum faciens Deo (Joh. v. 18). | Therefore, with respect to his divinity the Son is coequal and consubstantial with the Father; true God (Phil. 2:11), not only in name or by adoption or by any merit, but in substance and nature, as the apostle John has often said: "This is the true God and eternal life" (I John 5:20). Paul also says: "He appointed the Son the heir of all things, through whom also he created the world. He reflects the glory of God and bears the very stamp of his nature, upholding all things by his word of power" (Heb. 1:2 f.). For in the Gospel the Lord himself said: "Father, glorify Thou me in Thy own presence with the glory which I had with Thee before the world was made" (John 17:5). And in another place in the Gospel it is written: "The Jews sought all the more to kill him because he...called God his Father, making himself equal with God" (John 5:18). |
| 3. Abominamur ergo Arii et omnium Arianorum impiam contra Filium Dei doctrinam, imprimis vero Michælis Serveti, Hispani et Servetanorum omnium blasphemias, quas contra Dei Filium Satan per illos, veluti ex inferis hausit et in orbem audacissime et impiissime dispergit. | We therefore abhor the impious doctrine of Arius and the Arians against the Son of God, and especially the blasphemies of the Spaniard, Michael Servetus, and all his followers, which Satan through them has, as it were, dragged up out of hell and has most audaciously and impiously spread abroad in the world. |
| 4. Eundem quoque æterni Dei æternum Filium credimus et docemus hominis factum esse filium, ex semine Abrahæ atque Davidis, non ex viri coitu, quod Ebion dixit, sed conceptum purissime ex Spiritu Sancto, et natum ex Maria semper virgine: sicut diligenter nobis historia explicat evangelica (Matt. i. ). Et Paulus ait: Nullibi angelos adsumit, sed semen Abrahæ (Heb. ii. 16). Joannes item Apostolus, qui non credit, Jesum Christum in carne venisse, ex Deo non est (1 Joh. iv. 3). Caro ergo Christi nec phantastica fuit, nec coelitus adlata, sicuti Valentinus et Marcion somniabant. | We also believe and teach that the eternal Son of the eternal God was made the Son of man, from the seed of Abraham and David, not from the coitus of a man, as the Ebionites said, but was most chastely conceived by the Holy Spirit and born of the ever virgin Mary, as the evangelical history carefully explains to us (Matt., ch. 1). And Paul says: "he took not on him the nature of angels, but of the seed of Abraham." Also the apostle John says that woever does not believe that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh, is not of God. Therefore, the flesh of Christ was neither imaginary not brought from heaven, as Valentinus and Marcion wrongly imagined. |
| 5. Præterea anima fuit Domino nostro Jesu Christo non absque sensu et ratione, ut Apollinaris sentiebat, neque caro absque anima, ut Eunomius docebat, sed anima cum ratione sua, et caro cum sensibus suis, per quos sensus veros dolores tempore passionis suæ sustinuit; sicuti et ipse testatus est, et dixit: Tristis est anima mea usque ad mortem (Matt. xxvi. 36–38), et nunc anima mea turbata est (Joh. xii. 27). | Moreover, our Lord Jesus Christ did not have a soul bereft of sense and reason, as Apollinaris thought, nor flesh without a soul, as Eunomius taught, but a soul with its reason, and flesh with its senses, by which in the time of his passion he sustained real bodily pain, as himself testified when he said: "My soul is very sorrowful, even to death" (Matt. 26:38). And, "Now is my soul troubled" (John 12:27). |
| 6. Agnoscimus ergo in uno atque eodem Domino nostro Jesu Christo duas naturas vel substantias, divinam et humanam (Heb. iv. 14); et has ita dicimus conjunctas et unitas esse, ut absorptæ, aut confusæ, aut inmixtæ non sint, sed salvis potius et permanentibus naturarum proprietatibus, in una persona, unitæ vel conjunctæ; ita ut unum Christum Dominum, non duos veneremur: unum inquam verum Deum, et hominem, juxta divinam naturam Patri, juxta humanam vero nobis hominibus consubstantialem, et per omnia similem, peccato excepto (Heb. iv. 15). | We therefore acknowledge two natures or substances, the divine and the human, in one and the same Jesus Christ our Lord (Heb., ch. 2). And we say that these are bound and united with one another in such a way that they are not absorbed, or confused, or mixed, but are united or joined together in one person the properties of the natures being unimpaired and permanent. Thus we worship not two but one Christ the Lord. We repeat: one true God and man. With respect to his divine nature he is consubstantial with the Father, and with respect to the human nature he is consubstantial with us men, and like us in all things, sin excepted (Heb. 4:15). |
| 7. Etenim, ut Nestorianum dogma ex uno Christo duos faciens, et unionem personæ dissolvens, abominamur: ita Eutychetis et Monothelitarum vel Monophysicorum vesaniam, expungentem naturæ humanæ proprietatem execramur penitus. | And indeed we detest the dogma of the Nestorians who make two of one Christ and dissolve the unity of the Person. Likewise we thoroughly execrate the madness of Eutyches and of the Monothelites or Monophysites who destroy the property of the human nature. |
| 8. Ergo minime docemus, naturam in Christo divinam passam esse, aut Christum secundum humanam naturam adhuc esse in hoc mundo, adeoque esse ubique. Neque enim vel sentimus, vel docemus, veritatem corporis Christi a clarificatione desiisse, aut deificatam, adeoque sic deificatam esse, ut suas proprietates, quoad corpus et animam deposuerit, ac prorsus in naturam divinam abierit, unaque duntaxat substantia esse coeperit. | Therefore, we do not in any way teach that the divine nature in Christ has suffered or that Christ according to his human nature is still in this world and thus is everywhere. For neither do we think or teach that the body of Christ ceased to be a true body after his glorification, or was deified, and deified in such a way that it laid aside its properties as regards body and soul, and changed entirely into a divine nature and began to be merely one substance. |
| 9. Et proinde Schwenkfeldii similiumque leptologorum inargutas argutias, intricatas, obscurasque, et parum sibi constantes hac de re dissertationes, haudquaquam probamus aut recipimus, neque Schwenkfeldiani sumus. | Hence we by no means approve of or accept the strained, confused and obscure subtleties of Schwenkfeldt and of similar sophists with their self-contradictory arguments; neither are we Schwenkfeldians. |
| 10. Præterea credimus, Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum, vere passum et mortuum esse pro nobis, sicut Petrus ait, carne (1 Pet. iv. 8). Abominamur Jacobitarum et omnium Turcarum, passionem Domini exsecrantium, impiissimam vesaniam. Interim non negamus et Dominum gloriæ juxta verba Pauli, crucifixum esse pro nobis (2 Cor. ii. 8). Nam communicationem idiomatum, ex Scripturis petitam, et ab universa vetustate in explicandis componendisque Scripturarum locis in speciem pugnantibus, usurpatam, religiose et reverenter recipimus et usurpamus. | We believe, moreover, that our Lord Jesus Christ truly suffered and died for us in the flesh, as Peter says (I Peter 4:1). We abhor the most impious madness of the Jacobites and all the Turks who execrate the suffering of the Lord. At the same time we do not deny that the Lord of glory was crucified for us, according to Paul's words (I Cor. 2:8). We piously and reverently accept and use the impartation of properties which is derived from Scripture and which has been used by all antiquity in explaining and reconciling apparently contradictory passages. |
| 11. Credimus et docemus, eundem Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum vera sua carne, in qua crucifixus et mortuus fuerat, a mortuis resurrexisse, et non aliam pro sepulta excitasse, aut spiritum pro carne suscepisse, sed veritatem corporis retinuisse. Ergo dum discipuli ejus arbitrarentur, se Domini spiritum videre, exhibet eis manus atque pedes, stigmatibus utique clavorum et vulnerum notatas, et addit: Adspicite manus meas et pedes meos: quia ego ipse sum. Contrectate me et videte: quia spiritus carnem et ossa non habet, sicut videtis me habere (Luc. xxiv. 39). | We believe and teach that the same Jesus Christ our Lord, in his true flesh in which he was crucified and died, rose again from the dead, and that not another flesh was raised other than the one buried, or that a spirit was taken up instead of the flesh, but that he retained his true body. Therefore, while his disciples thought they saw the spirit of the Lord, he showed them his hands and feet which were marked by the prints of the nails and wounds, and added: "See my hands and my feet, that it is I myself; handle me, and see, for a spirit has not flesh and bones as you see that I have" (Luke 24:39). |
| 12. In eadem illa carne sua credimus adscendisse Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum, supra omnes coelos adspectabiles, in ipsum cælum supremum, sedem videlicet Dei et beatorum, ad dextram Dei Patris, quæ, etsi et gloriæ majestatisque consortium æquale significet, accipitur tamen et pro loco certo, de quo in Evangelio loquens Dominus dicit, se abiturum et suis paraturum locum (Joh. xiv. 2). Sed et Apostolus Petrus: Oportet Christum, inquit, cælum accipere, usque ad tempus restitutionis omnium (Act. iii. 21). | We believe that our Lord Jesus Christ, in his same flesh, ascended above all visible heavens into the highest heaven, that is, the dwelling-place of God and the blessed ones, at the right hand of God the Father. Although it signifies an equal participation in glory and majesty, it is also taken to be a certain place about which the Lord, speaking in the Gospel, says: "I go to prepare a place for you" (John 14:2). The apostle Peter also says: "Heaven must receive Christ until the time of restoring all things" (Acts 3:21). |
| 13. Ex cælis autem idem ille redibit in judicium, tum, quando summa erit in mundo consceleratio, et antichristus, corrupta religione vera, superstitione impietateque omnia opplevit, et sanguine atque flamma ecclesiam crudeliter vastavit. Redibit autem Christus, adserturus suos, et aboliturus adventu suo antichristum, judicaturusque vivos et mortuos. Resurgent enim mortui, et qui illa die (quæ omnibus incognita est creaturis) superstites futuri sunt, mutabuntur in momento oculi, fidelesque omnes una obviam Christo rapientur in aëra, ut inde cum ipso ingrediantur in sedes beatas sine fine victuri (Act. xvii. 31; 1 Thess. iv. 15–17; Marc. xiii. 32; 1 Cor. xv. 51; Matt. xxv. 41). Increduli vero vel impii descendent cum dæmonibus ad tartara, in sempiternum arsuri, atque ex tormentis numquam liberandi. | And from heaven the same Christ will return in judgment, when wickedness will then be at its greatest in the world and when the Antichrist, having corrupted true religion, will fill up all things with superstition and impiety and will cruelly lay waste the Church with bloodshed and flames (Dan., ch. 11). But Christ will come again to claim his own, and by his coming to destroy the Antichrist, and to judge the living and the dead (Acts 17:31). For the dead will rise again (I Thess. 4:14 ff.), and those who on that day (which is unknown to all creatures [Mark 13:32]) will be alive will be changed "in the twinkling of an eye," and all the faithful will be caught up to meet Christ in the air, so that then they may enter with him into the blessed dwelling-places to live forever (I Cor. 15:51 f.). But the unbelievers and ungodly will descend with the devils into hell to burn forever and never to be redeemed from torments (Matt. 25:46). |
| 14. Damnamus ergo omnes negantes veram carnis resurrectionem (2 Tim. ii. 18), aut qui cum Joanne Hierosolymitano, contra quem scripsit Hieronymus, non recte sentiunt de clarificatis corporibus. Damnamus eos, qui senserunt, et dæmones et impios omnes aliquando servandos, et poenarum finem futurum. Simpliciter enim pronunciavit Dominus: Ignis eorum numquam exstinguitur, et vermis eorum non moritur (Marc. ix. 44). Damnamus præterea Judaica somnia, quod ante judicii diem aureum in terris sit futurum seculum, et pii regns mundi occupaturi, oppressis suis hostibus impiis. Nam Evangelica veritas (Matt. xxiv. et xxv.; Luc. item xviii.) et Apostolica doctrina (2 Thess ii., et in 2 Tim. iii. et iv. capite) longe aliud perhibere inveniuntur. | We therefore condemn all who deny a real resurrection of the flesh (II Tim. 2:18), or who with John of Jerusalem, against whom Jerome wrote, do not have a correct view of the glorification of bodies. We also condemn those who thought that the devil and all the ungodly would at some time be saved, and that there would be an end to punishments. For the Lord has plainly declared: "Their fire is not quenched, and their worm does not die" (Mark 9:44). We further condemn Jewish dreams that there will be a golden age on earth before the Day of Judgment, and that the pious, having subdued all their godless enemies, will possess all the kingdoms of the earth. For evangelical truth in Matt., chs. 24 and 25, and Luke, ch. 18, and apostolic teaching in II Thess., ch. 2, and II Tim., chs. 3 and 4, present something quite different. |
| 15. Porro passione vel morte sua omnibusque adeo, quæ a suo in carne adventu nostra causa fecit et pertulit, reconciliavit omnibus fidelibus Dominus noster Patrem coelestem, expiavit peccatum, exarmavit mortem, condemnationemque et inferos confregit, ac resurrectione sua ex mortuis vitam immortalitatemque reduxit ac restituit (Rom. iv. 25; x. 4; 1 Cor. xv. 17; Joh. vi. 45; xi. 25, 26). Ipse enim est justitia nostra, vita et resurrectio, denique plenitudo et absolutio fidelium omnium, salusque et sufficientia abundantissima. Apostolus enim, sic placuit Patri, inquit, omnem in ipso habitare plenitudinem, et in ipso estis completi (Col. i. 19 et ii. 10). | Further by his passion and death and everything which he did and endured for our sake by his coming in the flesh, our Lord reconciled all the faithful to the heavenly Father, made expiation for sins, disarmed death, overcame damnation and hell, and by his resurrection from the dead brought again and restored life and immortality. For he is our righteousness, life and resurrection, in a word, the fulness and perfection of all the faithful, salvation and all sufficiency. For the apostle says: "In him all the fulness of God was pleased to dwell," and, "You have come to fulness of life in him" (Col., chs. 1 and 2). |
| 16. Docemus enim ac credimus, hunc Jesum Christum, Dominum nostrum, unicum et æternum generis humani adeoque totius mundi esse Servatorem, in quo per fidem servati sint, quotquot ante legem, sub lege, et sub Evangelio salvati sunt, et quotquot adhuc in finem usque seculi salvabuntur. Nam ipse Dominus in Evangelio dicit: Qui non intrat per ostium in stabulum ovium, sed adscendit aliunde, ille fur est et latro. Ego sum ostium ovium (Joh. x. 1, 2). Item alibi in eodem Evangelio (viii. 56): Abraham vidit diem meum, et gavisus est. Sed et Petrus Apostolus: Non est in quoquam alio, inquit, nisi in Christo solus. Neque aliud nomen est sub coelo datum inter homines, in quo oporteat nos salvos fieri (Act. iv. 12 et x. 43). Credimus ergo per gratiam Domini Jesu Christi nos servatum iri, sicuti et Patres nostros (Act. xv. 11). Nam et Paulus ait: Omnes Patres nostros eandem escam spiritualem edisse; et omnes eundem potum spiritualem bibisse; bibisse autem de spirituali ipsos consequente petra, petram vero Christum fuisse (1 Cor. x. 3, 4). Ideoque legimus, et Joannem dixisse, Christum esse agnum illum, qui occisus sit ab origine mundi (Apoc. xiii. 8); et Baptistam testatum: Christum esse agnum illum Dei, qui tollat peccatum mundi (Joh. i. 29). | For we teach and believe that this Jesus Christ our Lord is the unique and eternal Savior of the human race, and thus of the whole world, in whom by faith are saved all who before the law, under the law, and under the Gospel were saved, and however many will be saved at the end of the world. For the Lord himself says in the Gospel: "He who does not enter the sheepfold by the door but climbs in by another way, that man is a thief and a robber....I am the door of the sheep" (John 10:1 and 7). And also in another place in the same Gospel he says: "Abraham saw my day and was glad" (ch. 7:56). The apostle Peter also says: "There is salvation in no one else, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved." We therefore believe that we will be saved through the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, as our fathers were (Acts 4:12; 10:43; 15:11). For Paul also says: "All our fathers ate the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank from the spiritual Rock which followed them, and the Rock was Christ" (I Cor. 10:3 f.). And thus we read that John says: "Christ was the Lamb which was slain from the foundation of the world" (Rev. 14:8), and John the Baptist testified that Christ is that "Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world" (John 1:29). |
| 17. Unde pleno ore profitemur, et prædicamus, Jesum Christum unicum esse mundi Redemptorem et Salvatorem, regem et pontificem maximum, Messiam verum et exspectatum illum, inquam, sanctum benedictum, quem omnes legis typi et vaticinia prophetarum præfigurarint atque promiserint, Deus autem præstiterit ac miserit illum nobis, ut alius porro non sit ullus nobis exspectandus. Nec restat jam aliud, quam ut omnes omnem gloriam Christo tribuamus, in ipsum credamus, et in ipso solo adquiescamus, omnibus aliis vitæ præsidiis spretis atque abjectis. Nam gratia Dei exciderunt, et Christum inanem sibi reddunt, quotquot salutem in alia re ulla, quam in uno Christo quærunt (Gal. v. 4). | Wherefore, we quite openly profess and preach that Jesus Christ is the sole Redeemer and Savior of the world, the King and High Priest, the true and awaited Messiah, that holy and blessed one whom all the types of the law and predictions of the prophets prefigured and promised; and that God appointed him beforehand and sent him to us, so that we are not now to look for any other. Now there only remains for all of us to give all glory to Christ, believe in him, rest in him alone, despising and rejecting all other aids in life. For however many seek salvation in any other than in Christ alone, have fallen from the grace of God and have rendered Christ null and void for themselves (Gal. 5:4). |
| 18. Et ut paucis multa hujus causæ dicamus, quæcunque de incarnationis Domini nostri Jesu Christi mysterio definita sunt ex Scripturis Sanctis, et comprehensa symbolis ac sententiis quatuor primarum et præstantissimarum synodorum, celebratarum Niceæ, Constantinopoli, Ephesi et Chalcedone, una cum beati Athanasii symbolo, et omnibus his similibus symbolis, credimus corde sincero, et ore libero ingenue profitemur, condemnantes omnia his contraria. Atque ad hunc modum retinemus inviolatam sive integram fidem Christianam, orthodoxam atque Catholicam: scientes, symbolis prædictis nihil contineri, quod non sit conforme verbo Dei, et prorsus faciat ad sinceram fidei explicationem. | And, to say many things with a few words, with a sincere heart we believe, and freely confess with open mouth, whatever things are defined from the Holy Scriptures concerning the mystery of the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, and are summed up in the Creeds and decrees of the first four most excellent synods convened at Nicaea, Constantinople, Ephesus and Chalcedon -- together with the Creed of blessed Athanasius and all similar symbols; and we condemn everything contrary to these. And in this way we retain the Christian, orthodox and catholic faith whole and unimpaired; knowing that nothing is contained in the aforesaid symbols which is not agreeable to the Word of God, and does not altogether make for a sincere exposition of the faith. |
| CAP. XII. DE LEGE DEI. | CHAPTER XII Of the Law of God |
| 1. Docemus, lege Dei exponi nobis voluntatem Dei, quid a nobis fieri velit aut nolit, quid bonum et justum, quidve malum sit et injustum. Bonam igitur et sanctam confitemur esse legem. Et hanc quidem alias digito Dei inscriptam esse in corda hominum, vocarique legem naturæ (Rom. ii. 15), alias autem digito insculptam esse in tabulas Mosis geminas, et libris Mosis copiosius expositam (Exod. xx.; Deut. v.). Distinguimus illam, perspicuitatis gratia, in moralem, quæ comprehenditur decalogo vel geminis tabulis, per Mosis libros expositis, in ceremonialem item, quæ de cæremoniis cultuque Dei constituit, et in judicialem, quæ versatur circa politica atque oeconomica. | We teach that the will of God is explained for us in the law of God, what he wills or does not will us to do, what is good and just, or what is evil and unjust. Therefore, we confess that the law is good and holy. And this law was at one time written in the hearts of men by the finger of God (Rom. 2:15), and is called the law of nature (the law of Moses is in two Tables), and at another it was inscribed by his finger on the two Tables of Moses, and eloquently expounded in the books of Moses (Ex. 20:1 ff.; Deut. 5:6 ff.). For the sake of clarity we distinguish the moral law which is contained in the Decalogue or two Tables and expounded in the books of Moses, the ceremonial law which determines the ceremonies and worship of God, and the judicial law which is concerned with political and domestic matters. |
| 2. Credimus, hac Dei lege omnem Dei voluntatem, et omnia præcepta necessaria, ad omnem vitæ partem, plenissime tradi. Alioqui enim non vetuisset Dominus, huic legi nihil vel addi vel adimi (Deut. iv. 2); non præcepisset, recta ad hanc incedi, neque in dextram vel sinistram deflexo itinere, declinare (Isa. xxx. 21). | We believe that the whole will of God and all necessary precepts for every sphere of life are taught in this law. For otherwise the Lord would not have forbidden us to add or to take away anything from this law; neither would he have commanded us to walk in a straight path before this law, and not to turn aside from it by turning to the right or to the left (Deut. 4:2; 12:32). |
| 3. Docemus, legem hanc non datam esse hominibus, ut ejus justificemur observatione: sed ut ex ejus indicio infirmitatem potius, peccatum atque condemnationem agnoscamus, et de viribus nostris desperantes, convertamur ad Christum in fide. Aperte enim Apostolus: Lex iram, ait, operatur (Rom. iv. 15). Per legem agnitio peccati (Rom. iii. 20). Si data fuisset lex, quæ posset justificare, vel vivificare, vere ex lege esset justitia: sed conclusit Scriptura (legis nimirum) omnia sub peccatum, ut promissio ex fide Jesu daretur credentibus. Itaque lex pædagogus noster ad Christum fuit, ut ex fide justificaremur (Gal. iii. 21, 22, 24). Neque vero potuit aut potest ulla caro legi Dei satisfacere, et hanc adimplere, ob imbecillitatem in carne nostra, ad extremum usque spiritum in nobis hærentem aut remanentem. Rursus enim Apostolus: Quod lex præstare non poterat, inquit, quia imbecillis erat per carnem, hoc Deus, proprio Filio misso sub specie carnis peccato obnoxiæ, præstitit (Rom. viii. 3). Idcirco Christus est perfectio legis et adimpletio nostra (Rom. x. 4), qui ut execrationem legis sustulit, dum factus est pro nobis maledictio, vel execratio (Gal. iii. 13), ita communicat nobis per fidem adimpletionem suam, nobisque ejus imputatur justitia et obedientia. | We teach that this law was not given to men that they might be justified by keeping it, but that rather from what it teaches we may know (our) weakness, sin and condemnation, and, despairing of our strength, might be converted to Christ in faith. For the apostle openly declares: "The law brings wrath," and, "Through the law comes knowledge of sin" (Rom. 4:15; 3:20), and, "If a law had been given which could justify or make alive, then righteousness would indeed be by the law. But the Scripture (that is, the law) has concluded all under sin, that the promise which was of the faith of Jesus might be given to those who believe....Therefore, the law was our schoolmaster unto Christ, that we might be justified by faith" (Gal.3:21 ff.). For no flesh could or can satisfy the law of God and fulfil it, because of the weakness in our flesh which adheres and remains in us until our last breath. For the apostle says again: "God has done what the law, weakened bythe flesh, could not do: sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin" (Rom. 8:3). Therefore, Christ is the perfecting of the law and our fulfilment of it (Rom. 10:4), who, in order to take away the curse of the law, was make a curse for us (Gal. 3:13). Thus he imparts to us through faith his fulfilment of the law, and his righteousness and obedience are imputed to us. |
| 4. Hactenus itaque abrogata est lex Dei, quatenus nos amplius non damnat, nec iram in nobis operatur. Sumus enim sub gratia, et non sub lege. Præterea implevit Christus omnes legis figuras. Unde umbræ cesserunt, corpore adveniente, ut jam in Christo et veritatem habeamus et omnem plenitudinem. Attamen legem non ideo fastidientes rejicimis. Meminimus enim verboram Domini, dicentis: Non veni legem et prophetas solvere, sed implere (Matt. v. 17). Scimus, lege nobis tradi formulas virtutum atque vitiorum. Scimus, Scripturam legis, si exponatur per Evangelium, Ecclesiæ esse utilem, et idcirco ejus lectionem non exterminandam esse ex Ecclesia. Licet enim velo obtectus fuerit Mosis vultus, Apostolus tamen perhibet, velum per Christum tolli atque aboleri. Damnamus omnia, quæ haeretici veteres et neoterici contra legem Dei docuerunt. | The law of God is therefore abrogated to the extent that it no longer condemns us, nor works wrath in us. For we are under grace and not under the law. Moreover, Christ has fulfilled all the figures of the law. Hence, with the coming of the body, the shadows ceased, so that in Christ we now have the truth and all fulness. But yet we do not on that account contemptuously reject the law. For we remember the words of the Lord when he said: "I have not come to abolish the law and the prophets but to fulfil them" (Matt. 5:17). We know that in the law is delivered to us the patterns of virtues and vices. We know that the written law when explained by the Gospel is useful to the Church, and that therefore its reading is not to be banished from the Church. For although Moses' face was covered with a veil, yet the apostle says that the veil has been taken away and abolished by Christ. We condemn everything that heretics old and new have taught against the law. |
| CAP. XIII. DE EVANGELIO JESU CHRISTI, DE PROMISSIONIBUS, ITEM SPIRITU ET LITERA. | CHAPTER XIII Of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, of the Promises, and of the Spirit and Letter |
| 1. Evangelium quidem opponitur legi. Nam lex iram operatur, et maledictionem adnunciat; Evangelium vero gratiam et benedictionem prædicat. Sed et Joannes dicit: Lex per Mosen data est, gratia et veritas per Jesum Christum exorta est (Joh. i. 17; nihilominus tamen certissimum est, eos, qui ante legem et sub lege fuerunt, non omnino destitutos fuisse Evangelio. Habuerunt enim promissiones evangelicas insignes, quales hæ sunt: Semen mulieris conculcabit caput serpentis (Gen. iii. 15). In semine tuo benedicentur omnes gentes (Gen. xxii. 18). Non auferetur sceptrum de Juda, nisi prius venerit Silo (Gen. xlix. 10). Prophetam excitabit Dominus de medio fratrum,' etc. (Deut. xviii. 18). | The Gospel is, indeed, opposed to the law. For the law works wrath and announces a curse, whereas the Gospel preaches grace and blessing. John says: "For the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ" (John 1:17). Yet notwithstanding it is most certain that those who were before the law and under the law, were not altogether destitute of the Gospel. For they had extraordinary evangelical promises such as these are: "The seed of the woman shall bruise the serpent's head" (Gen. 3:15). "In thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed" (Gen. 22:18). "The scepter shall not depart from Judah...until he comes" (Gen. 49:10). "The Lord will raise up a prophet from among his own brethren" (Deut. 18:15; Acts 3:22), etc. |
| 2. Et quidem agnoscimus, Patribus duo fuisse promissionum genera, sicuti et nobis, revelata. Aliæ enim erant rerum præsentium vel terrenarum, quales sunt promissiones de terra Canaan, de victoriis, et quales hodie adhuc sunt de pane quotidiano. Aliæ vero erant tunc, et sunt etiam nunc, rerum coelestium et æternarum, gratiæ videlicet divinæ, remissionis peccatorum, et vitæ æternæ, per fidem in Jesum Christum. Habuerunt autem veteres non tantum externas vel terrenas, sed spirituales etiam coelestesque promissiones, in Christo. Nam de salute, ait Petrus, exquisiverunt et scrutati sunt prophetæ, qui de ventura in nos gratia vaticinati sunt, etc. (1 Pet. i. 10). Unde et Paulus Apostolus dixit: Evangelium Dei ante promissum esse per prophetas Dei, in Scripturis sanctis (Rom. i. 2). Inde nimirum claret, veteres non prorsus destitutos fuisse omni Evangelio. | And we acknowledge that two kinds of promises were revealed to the fathers, as also to us. For some were of present or earthly things, such as the promises of the Land of Canaan and of victories, and as the promise today still of daily bread. Others were then and are still now of heavenly and eternal things, namely, divine grace, remission of sins, and eternal life through faith in Jesus Christ. Moreover, the ancients had not only external and earthly but also spiritual and heavenly promises in Christ. Peter says: "The prophets who prophesied of the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired about this salvation" (I Peter 1:10). Wherefore the apostle Paul also said: "The Gospel of God was promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy scriptures" (Rom. 1:2). Thereby it is clear that the ancients were not entirely destitute of the whole Gospel. |
| 3. Et, quamvis ad hunc modum patres nostri in Scripturis prophetarum habuerint Evangelium, per quod salutem in Christo per fidem consecuti sunt, Evangelium tamen proprie illud dicitur lætum et felix nuncium, quod nobis primum per Joannem Baptistam, deinde per ipsum Christum Dominum, postea per Apostolos ejus Apostolorumque successores prædicatum est mundo, Deum jam præstitisse, quod ab exordio mundi promisit, ac misisse, imo donavisse nobis Filium unicum, et in hoc reconciliationem cum Patre, remissionem peccatorum, omnem plenitudinem, et vitam æternam. Historia ergo descripta a quatuor Evangelistis, explicans, quomodo hæc sint facta vel adimpleta a Christo, quæ docuerit et fecerit Christus; et quod in ipso credentes omnem habent plenitudinem, recte nuncupatur Evangelium. Prædicatio item et Scriptura Apostolica, qua nobis exponunt Apostoli, quomodo nobis a Patre datus sit Filius, et in hoc vitæ salutisque omnia, recte dicitur doctrina Evangelica, sic, ut ne hodie quidem, si sincera sit, appellationem tam præclaram amittat. | And although our fathers had the Gospel in this way in the writings of the prophets by which they attained salvation in Christ through faith, yet the Gospel is properly called glad and joyous news, in which, first by John the Baptist, then by Christ the Lord himself, and afterwards by the apostles and their successors, is preached to us in the world that God has now performed what he promised from the beginning of the world, and has sent, nay more, has given us his only Son and in him reconciliation with the Father, the remission of sins, all fulness and everlasting life. Therefore, the history delineated by the four Evangelists and explaining how these things were done or fulfilled by Christ, what things Christ taught and did, and that those who believe in him have all fulness, is rightly called the Gospel. The preaching and writings of the apostles, in which the apostles explain for us how the Son was given to us by the Father, and in him everything that has to do with life and salvation, is also rightly called evangelical doctrine, so that not even today, if sincerely preached, does it lose its illustrious title. |
| 4. Illa ipsa Evangelii prædicatio nuncupatur item ab Apostolo spiritus et ministerium spiritus, eo, quod efficax et viva fiat per fidem in auribus, imo cordibus credentium, per Spiritum Sanctum illuminantem. Nam litera, quæ opponitur spiritui, significat quidem omnem rem externam, sed maxime doctrinam legis, sine spiritu et fide in animis, non viva fide credentium, operantem iram, et excitantem peccatum. Quo nomine et ministerium mortis ab Apostolo nuncupatur. Huc enim illud Apostoli pertinet, Litera occidit, spiritus vivificat (2 Cor. iii. 6). Et pseudoapostoli prædicabant Evangelium, lege admixta, corruptum, quasi Christus sine lege non possit servare. Quales fuisse dicuntur Ebionæi, ab Ebione hæretico descendentes, et Nazaræi, qui et Minæi antiquitus vocabantur. Quos omnes nos damnamus, pure prædicantes Evangelium, docentesque per Spiritum [al. Christum] solum, et non per legem justificari credentes. De qua re mox sequetur sub titulo justificationis copiosior expositio. | That same preaching of the Gospel is also called by the apostle "the spirit" and "the ministry of the spirit" because by faith it becomes effectual and living in the ears, nay more, in the hearts of believers through the illumination of the Holy Spirit (II Cor. 3:6). For the letter, which is opposed to the Spirit, signifies everything external, but especially the doctrine of the law which, without the Spirit and faith, works wrath and provokes sin in the minds of those who do not have a living faith. For this reason the apostle calls it "the ministry of death." In this connection the saying of the apostle is pertinent: "The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life." And false apostles preached a corrupted Gospel, having combined it with the law, as if Christ could not save without the law. Such were the Ebionites said to be, who were descended from Ebion the heretic, and the Nazarites who were formerly called Mineans. All these we condemn, while preaching the pure Gospel and teaching that believers are justified by the Spirit [others "Christ"] alone, and not by the law. A more detailed exposition of this matter will follow presently under the heading of justification. |
| 5. Et quamvis Evangelii doctrina collata cum Pharisæorum doctrina legis, visa sit, cum primum prædicaretur per Christum, nova esse doctrina, quod et Jeremias de Novo Testamento vaticinatus sit, revera tamen illa, non modo vetus erat, et est adhuc (nam nova dicitur et hodie a Papistis, collata cum doctrina jam Papistarum recepta) vetus doctrina, sed omnium in mundo antiquissima. | And although the teaching of the Gospel, compared with the teaching of the Pharisees concerning the law, seemed to be a new doctrine when first preached by Christ (which Jeremiah also prophesied concerning the New Teatament), yet actually it not only was and still is an old doctrine (even if today it is called new by the Papists when compared with the teaching now received among them), but is the most ancient of all in the world. |
| 6. Deus enim ab æterno prædestinavit mundum servare per Christum, et hanc suam praedestinationem et consilium sempiternum aperuit mundo per Evangelium (2 Tim. i. 9, 10). Unde claret religionem doctrinamque Evangelicam, inter omnes, quotquot fuerunt unquam, sunt atque erunt, omnium esse antiquissimam. | For God predestinated from eternity to save the world through Christ, and he has disclosed to the world through the Gospel this his predestination and eternal counsel (II Tim. 2:9 f.). Hence it is evident that the religion and teaching of the Gospel among all who ever were, are and will be, is the most ancient of all. |
| 7. Unde dicimus, omnes eos errare turpiter, et indigna æterno Dei consilio loqui, qui Evangelicam doctrinam et religionem nuncupant nuper exortam, et vix XXX. annorum fidem. In quos competit illud Jesaiæ Prophetæ: Væ his, qui dicunt, malum esse bonum, et bonum malum, qui ponunt tenebras lucem, et lucem tenebras, amarum dulce, et dulce amarum (Isa. v. 20). | Wherefore we assert that all who say that the religion and teaching of the Gospel is a faith which has recently arisen, being scarcely thirty years old, err disgracefully and speak shamefully of the eternal counsel of God. To them applies the saying of Isaiah the prophet: "Woe to those who call evil good and good evil, who put darkness for light and light for darkness, who put bitter for sweet and sweet for bitter!" (Isa. 5:20). |
| CAP. XIV. DE PŒNITENTIA ET CONVERSIONE HOMINIS. | CHAPTER XIV Of Repentance and the Conversion of Man |
| 1. Habet Evangelium conjunctam sibi doctrinam de poenitentia. Ita enim dixit in Evangelio Dominus: Oportet prædicari in nomine meo poenitentiam et remissionem peccatorum in omnes gentes (Luc. xxiv. 47). | The doctrine of repentance is joined with the Gospel. For so has the Lord said in the Gospel: "Repentance and forgiveness of sins should be preached in my name to all nations" (Luke 24:47). |
| 2. Per poenitentiam autem intelligimus mentis in homine peccatore resipiscentiam, verbo Evangelii et Spiritu Sancto excitatam, fideque vera acceptam, qua protinus homo peccator, agnatam sibi corruptionem peccataque omnia sua, per Verbum Dei accusata, agnoscit, ac de his ex corde dolet, eademque coram Deo non tantum deplorat et fatetur ingenue cum pudore, sed etiam cum indignatione execratur, cogitans jam sedulo de emendatione, et perpetuo innocentiæ virtutumque studio, in quo sese omnibus diebus vitæ reliquis sancte exerceat. | By repentance we understand (1) the recovery of a right mind in sinful man awakened by the Word of the Gospel and the Holy Spirit, and received by true faith, by which the sinner immediately acknowledges his innate corruption and all his sins accused by the Word of God; and (2) grieves for them from his heart, and not only bewails and frankly confesses them before God with a feeling of shame, but also (3) with indignation abominates them; and (4) now zealously considers the amendment of his ways and constantly strives for innocence and virtue in which conscientiously to exercise himself all the rest of his life. |
| 3. Et hæc quidem est vera poenitentia, sincera nimirum ad Deum et omne bonum conversio, sedula vero a diabolo et ab omni malo aversio. Diserte vero dicimus, hanc poenitentiam merum esse Dei donum, et non virium nostrarum opus. Jubet enim Apostolus: Fidelem ministrum diligenter erudire obsistentes veritati, si quando Deus his det poenitentiam ad agnoscendum veritatem (2 Tim. ii. 25). | And this is true repentance, namely, a sincere turning to God and all good, and earnest turning away from the devil and all evil. Now we expressly say that this repentance is a sheer gift of God and not a work of our strength. For the apostle commands a faithful minister diligently to instruct those who oppose the truth, if "God may perhaps grant that they will repent and come to know the truth" (II Tim. 2:25). |
| 4. Jam vero peccatrix illa Evangelica, quæ lacrymis rigat pedes Domini, ac Petrus, amare flens deploransque Domini sui abnegationem, manifeste ostendunt, qualis esse debeat poenitentis animus, serio deplorans commissa peccata (Luc. vii. 38; xxii. 62). | Now that sinful woman who washed the feet of the Lord with her tears, and Peter who wept bitterly and bewailed his denial of the Lord (Luke 7:38; 22:62) show clearly how the mind of a penitent man ought to be seriously lamenting the sins he has committed. |
| 5. Sed et filius ille concoctor, et publicanus ille in Evangelio, cum Pharisæo collatus, præeunt nobis formulis adcommodatissimis peccata nostra Deo confitendi. Ille dicebat: Pater, peccavi in cælum et coram te! Jam non sum dignus vocari filius tuus, fac me sicut unum de mercenariis tuis (Luc.xv. 18, 19). Hic vero non audens elevare oculos in cælum, pectus suum tundendo, clamabat: Deus propitius esto mihi peccatori (Luc. xviii. 13). Nec dubitamus, illos in gratiam a Deo esse receptos. Etenim Joannes Apostolus: Si confiteamur peccata nostra, inquit, fidelis est et justus, ut remittat nobis peccata nostra, et emundet nos ab omni iniquitate. Si dixerimus: non peccavimus, mendacem facimus eum, et sermo ejus non est in nobis (1 Joh. i. 9, 10). | Moreover, the prodigal son and the publican in the Gospel, when compared with the Pharisee, present us with the most suitable pattern of how our sins are to be confessed to God. The former said: "Father, I have sinned against heaven and before you; I am no longer worthy to be called your son; treat me as one of your hired servants" (Luke 15:8 ff.). And the latter, not daring to raise his eyes to heaven, beat his breast, saying, "God be merciful to me a sinner" (ch. 18:13). And we do not doubt that they were accepted by God into grace. For the apostle John says: "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just, and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness. If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us" (I John 1:9 f.). |
| 6. Credimus autem, hanc confessionem ingenuam, quæ soli Deo fit., vel privatim inter Deum et peccatorem, vel palam in templo, ubi generalis illa peccatorum confessio recitatur, sufficere, nec necessarium esse ad remissionem peccatorum consequendam, ut quis peccata sua confiteatur sacerdoti, susurrando in aures ipsius, ut vicissim cum impositione manuum ejus audiat ab ipso absolutionem; quod ejus rei nec præceptum ullum, nec exemplum exstet in Scripturis Sanctis, David protestatur et ait: Delictum meum cognitum tibi feci, et injustitiam meam non abscondi. Dixi, confitebor contra me injustitiam meam Domino; et tu remisisti impietatem peccati mei (Psa. xxxii. 5). Sed et Dominus orare nos docens, simul et confiteri peccata, dixit: Sic orabitis: Pater noster, qui es in cælis, remitte nobis debita nostra; sicut et nos remittimus debitoribus nostris (Matt. vi. 12). | But we believe that this sincere confession which is made to God alone, either privately between God and the sinner, or publicly in the Church where the general confession of sins is said, is sufficient, and that in order to obtain forgiveness of sins it is not necessary for anyone to confess his sins to a priest, mumuring them in his ears, that in turn he might receive absolution from the priest with his laying on of hands, because there is neither a commandment nor an example of this in Holy Scriptures. David testifies and says: "I acknowledged my sin to thee, and did not hide my iniquity; I said, `I will confess my transgressions to the Lord'; then thou didst forgive the guilt of my sin" (Ps. 32:5). And the Lord who taught us to pray and at the same time to confess our sins said: "Pray then like this: Our Father, who art in heaven,...forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors" (Matt. 6:12). |
| 7. Necesse est ergo, ut Deo Patri nostro confiteamur peccata nostra, et cum proximo nostro, si ipsum offendimus, redeamus in gratiam. De quo confessionis genere loquens Jacobus Apostolus: Confitemini, inquit, alterutrum peccata vestra (Jac. v. 16). Si quis vero peccatorum mole et tentationibus perplexis oppressus, velit consilium, institutionem, et consolationem privatim, vel a ministro ecclesiæ, aut ullo aliquo fratre, in lege Dei docto, petere, non improbamus, quemadmodum et generalem et publicam illam in templo ac coetibus sacris recitari solitam (cujus et superius meminimus) peccatorum confessionem utpote Scripturis congruam, maxime approbamus. | Therefore it is necessary that we confess our sins to God our Father, and be reconciled with our neighbor if we have offended him. Concerning this kind of confession, the Apostle James says: "Confess your sins to one another" (James 5:16). If, however, anyone is overwhelmed by the burden of his sins and by perplexing temptations, and will seek counsel, instruction and comfort privately, either from a minister of the Church, or from any other brother who is instructed in God's law, we do not disapprove; just as we also fully approve of that general and public confession of sins which is usually said in Church and in meetings for worship, as we noted above, inasmuch as it is agreeable to Scripture. |
| 8. De clavibus regni Dei, traditis a Domino Apostolis, multi admiranda garriunt, et ex his cudunt enses, lanceas, sceptra et coronas, plenamque in maxima regna, denique in animas et corpora potestatem. Nos simpliciter judicantes, secundum Verbum Dei dicimus: omnes ministros legitime vocatos habere et exercere claves vel usum clavium, cum Evangelium adnunciant, id est, populum suæ fidei creditum docent, hortantur, consolantur et increpant, inque disciplina retinent. Ita enim regnum coelorum aperiunt obsequentibus, et inobsequentibus claudunt. Has claves promisit Apostolis Dominus (Matt. xvi. 19) et præstitit (Joh. xx. 23, Marc. xvi. 15, et Luc. xxiv. 47) dum ablegat discipulos et jubet eos universo mundo prædicare Evangelium, et condonare peccata. Apostolus in Ep. I. ad Cor. (v. 18, 19) dicit: Dominum ministris dedisse reconciliationis ministerium; et quale hoc sit, mox explicat et ait: Sermonem vel doctrinam reconciliationis. Et adhuc clarius sua illa exponens addit: Ministros Christi, nomine Christi fungi legatione, tanquam ipso Deo, per ministros adhortante populos, ut reconcilientur Deo, nimirum per fidelem obedientiam. Exercent ergo claves, cum suadent fidem et poenitentiam. Sic illi reconciliant Deo. Sic remittunt peccata. Sic aperiunt regnum coelorum, et credentes introducunt: multum distantes ab istis, de quibus dixit in Evangelio Dominus: Væ vobis legisperitis, quia tulistis clavem scientia, ipsi non introistis, et eos, qui introibant, vetuistis (Luc. xi. 52). | Concerning the keys of the Kingdom of Heaven which the Lord gave to the apostles, many babble many astonishing things, and out of them forge swords, spears, scepters and crowns, and complete power over the greatest kingdoms, indeed, over souls and bodies. Judging simply according to the Word of the Lord, we say that all properly called ministers possess and exercise the keys or the use of them when they proclaim the Gospel; that is, when they teach, exhort, comfort, rebuke, and keep in discipline the people committed to their trust. For in this way they open the Kingdom of Heaven to the obedient and shut it to the disobedient. The Lord promised these keys to the apostles in Matt., ch. 16, and gave them in John, ch. 20, Mark, ch. 16, and Luke, ch. 24, when he sent out his disciples and commanded them to preach the Gospel in all the world, and to remit sins. In the letter to the Corinthians the apostle says that the Lord gave the ministry of reconciliation to his ministers (II Cor. 5:18 ff.). And what this is he then explains, saying that it is the preaching or teaching of reconciliation. And explaining his words still more clearly he adds that Christ's ministers discharge the office of an ambassador in Christ's name, as if God himself through ministers exhorted the people to be reconciled to God, doubtless by faithful obedience. Therefore, they excercise the keys when they persuade [men] to believe and repent. Thus they reconcile men to God. Thus they remit sins. Thus they open the Kingdom of Heaven, and bring believers into it: very different from those of whom the Lord said in the Gospel, "Woe to you lawyers! For you have taken away the key of knowledge; you did not enter yourselves, and you hindered those who were entering." |
| 9. Rite itaque et efficaciter ministri absolvunt, dum Evangelium Christi, et in hoc remissionem peccatorum, quæ singulis promittitur fidelibus, sicuti et singuli sunt baptizati, prædicant, et ad singulos peculiariter pertinere testantur. Nec putamus absolutionem hanc efficaciorem fieri, per hoc, quod in aurem alicui aut super caput alicujus singulariter inmurmuratur. Censemus tamen, sedulo adnunciandam esse hominibus remissionem peccatorum in sanguine Christi, admonendosque singulos, quod ad ipsos pertineat remissio peccatorum. | Ministers, therefore, rightly and effectually absolve when they preach the Gospel of Christ and thereby the remission of sins, which is promised to each one who believes, just as each one is baptized, and when they testify that it pertains to each one peculiarly. Neither do we think that this absolution becomes more effectual by being murmured in the ear of someone or by being murmured singly over someone's head. We are nevertheless of the opinion that the remission of sins in the blood of Christ is to be diligently proclaimed, and that each one is to be admonished that the forgiveness of sins pertains to him. |
| 10. Ceterum quam vigilantes sedulosque oporteat esse poenitentes in studio vitæ novæ, et in conficiendo vetere et excitando novo homine, docent nos exempla Evangelica. Dominus enim ad paralyticum, quem sanaverat, dicit: Ecce sanus factus es, ne posthac pecces, ne quid deterius tibi contingat (Joh. v. 14). Ad adulteram liberatam idem dixit: Vade, et ne posthac peccaveris (Joh. viii. 11). Quibus sane verbis non significavit, fieri posse, ut homo aliquando non peccet, dum adhuc in hac carne vivit, sed vigilantiam accuratumque studium commendat, ut modis in quam omnibus adnitamur, et precibus a Deo petamus, ne relabamur in peccata, ex quibus veluti resurreximus, et ne vincamur a carne, mundo et diabolo. Zachæus publicanus in gratiam receptus a Domino clamat in Evangelio: Ecce, dimidium bonorum meorum, Domine, do pauperibus, et si quem defraudavi, reddo quadruplum (Luc. xix. 8). Ad eundem ergo modum prædicamus restitutionem et misericordiam, adeoque eleemosynam vere poenitentibus esse necessariam; et in universum Apostoli verbis hortamur omnes, ac dicimus: Ne regnet peccatum in mortali vestro corpore, ut obediatis ei per cupiditates ejus; neque adcommodetis membra vestra arma injustitiæ peccato, sed accommodetis vosmet ipsos Deo, velut ex mortuis viventes, et membra vestra arma justitiæ Deo (Rom. vi. 12, 13). | But the examples in the Gospel teach us how vigilant and diligent the penitent ought to be in striving for newness of life and in mortifying the old man and quickening the new. For the Lord said to the man he healed of palsy: "See, you are well! Sin no more, that nothing worse befall you" (John 5:14). Likewise to the adulteress whom he set free he said: "Go, and sin no more" (ch. 8:11). To be sure, by these words he did not mean that any man, as long as he lived in the flesh, could not sin; he simply recommends diligence and a careful devotion, so that we should strive by all means, and beseech God in prayers lest we fall back into sins from which, as it were, we have been resurrected, and lest we be overcome by the flesh, the world and the devil. Zacchaeus the publican, whom the Lord had received back into favor, exclaims in the Gospel: "Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor; and if I have defrauded any one of anything, I restore it fourfold" (Luke 19:8). Therefore, in the same way we preach that restitution and compassion, and even almsgiving, are necessary for those who truly repent, and we exhort all men everywhere in the words of the apostle: "Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal bodies, to make you obey their passions. Do not yield your members to sin as instruments of wickedness, but yield yourselves to God as men who have been brought from death to life, and your members to God as instruments of righteousness" (Rom. 6:12 f.). |
| 11. Proinde damnamus omnes impias quorundam Evangelica prædicatione abutentium voces, et dicentium: facilis est ad Deum reditus. Christus expiavit omnia peccata; facilis est peccatorum condonatio. Quid ergo peccare nocebit? Nec magnopere curanda est poenitentia, etc. Docemus interim semper, et omnibus peccatoribus aditum patere ad Deum, et hunc omnia omnibus fidelibus condonare peccata, excepto uno illo peccato, in Spiritum Sanctum (Marc. iii. 29). | Wherefore we condemn all impious utterances of some who wrongly use the preaching of the Gospel and say that it is easy to return to God. Christ has atoned for all sins. Forgiveness of sins is easy. Therefore, what harm is there in sinning? Nor need we be greatly concerned about repentance, etc. Notwithstanding we always teach that an access to God is open to all sinners, and that he forgives all sinners of all sins except the one sin against the Holy Spirit (Mark 3:29). |
| 12. Ideoque damnamus et veteres et novos Novatianos, atque Catharos. Damnamus imprimis lucrosam papæ de poenitentia doctrinam; et contra simoniam ejus simoniacasque ejus indulgentias illud usurpamus Simonis Petri judicium: Pecunia tua tecum sit in perditionem: quoniam donum Dei existimasti parari pecuniis. Non est tibi pars neque sors in ratione hac. Cor enim tuum non est rectum coram Deo (Act. viii. 20, 21). | Wherefore we condemn both old and new Novatians and Catharists. We especially condemn the lucrative doctrine of the Pope concerning penance, and against his simony and his simoniacal indulgences we avail ourselves of Peter's judgment concerning Simon: "Your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain the gift of God with money! You have neither part nor lot in this matter, for your heart is not right before God" (Acts 8:20 f.). |
| 13. Improbamus item illos, qui suis satisfactionibus existimant, se pro commissis satisfacere peccatis. Nam docemus, Christum unum, morte vel passione sua, esse omnium peccatorum satisfactionem, propitiationem vel expiationem (Isa. liii. 5; 1 Cor. i. 30; 1 Joh. ii. 2). Interim tamen, quod et ante diximus, mortificationem carnis urgere non desinimus: addimus tamen, hanc non obtrudendam esse Deo superbe pro peccatorum satisfactione, sed præstandam humiliter, pro ingenio filiorum Dei, ut obedientiam novam, gratitudinis ergo, pro consecuta, per mortem et satisfactionem Filii Dei, liberatione, et plenaria satisfactione. | We also disapprove of those who think that by their own satisfactions they make amends for sins committed. For we teach that Christ alone by his death or passion is the satisfaction, propitiation or expiation of all sins (Isa., ch.53; I Cor. 1:30). Yet as we have already said, we do not cease to urge the mortification of the flesh. We add, however, that this mortification is not to be proudly obtruded upon God as a satisfaction for sins, but is to be performed humble, in keeping with the nature of the children of God, as a new obedience out of gratitude for the deliverance and full satisfaction obtained by the death and satisfaction of the Son of God. |
| CAP. XV. DE VERA FIDELIUM JUSTIFICATIONE. | CHAPTER XV Of the True Justification of the Faithful |
| 1. Justificare significat Apostolo in disputatione de justificatione, peccata remittere, a culpa et poena absolvere, in gratiam recipere, et justum pronunciare. Etenim ad Romanos dicit Apostolus: Deus est, qui justificat, quis ille, qui condemnet? (Rom. viii. 33) opponuntur justificare et condemnare. Et in Actis App. dicit Apostolus: Per Christum adnunciatur nobis remissio peccatorum: et ab omnibus, a quibus non potuistis per legem Mosis justificari, per hunc omnis, qui credit, justificatur (Act. xiii. 38, 39). Nam in lege quoque et prophetis legimus: Si lis fuerit orta inter aliquos, et venerint ad judicium, judicent eos judices justificentque justum, et impient vel condemnent impium (Deut. xxv. 1). Et: Væ illis, qui justificant impium pro muneribus (Isa. v. 23). | According to the apostle in his treatment of justification, to justify means to remit sins, to absolve from guilt and punishment, to receive into favor, and to pronounce a man just. For in his epistle to the Romans the apostle says: "It is God who justifies; who is to condemn?" (Rom. 8:33). To justify and to condemn are opposed. And in The Acts of the Apostles the apostle states: "Through Christ forgiveness of sins is proclaimed to you, and by him everyone that believes is freed from everything from which you could not be freed by the law of Moses" (Acts 13:38 f.). For in the Law and also in the Prophets we read: "If there is a dispute between men, and they come into court...the judges decide between them, acquitting the innocent and condemning the guilty" (Deut. 25:1). And in Isa., ch. 5: "Woe to those...who aqcuit the guilty for a bribe." |
| 2. Certissimum est autem, omnes nos esse natura peccatores et impios, ac coram tribunali Dei convictos impietatis et reos mortis. Justificari autem, id est, absolvi a peccatis et morte, a judice Deo, solius Christi gratia, et nullo nostro merito aut respectu. Quid enim apertius, quam quod Paulus dixit? Omnes peccaverunt, et destituuntur gloria Dei. Justificantur autem gratis per illius gratiam, per redemptionem, quæ est in Christo Jesu (Rom. iii. 23, 24). | Now it is most certain that all of us are by nature sinners and godless, and before God's judgment-seat are convicted of godlessness and are guilty of death, but that, solely by the grace of Christ and not from any merit of ours or consideration for us, we are justified, that is, absolved from sin and death by God the Judge. For what is clearer than what Paul said: "Since all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God, they are justified by his grace as a gift, through the redemption which is in Christ Jesus" (Rom. 3:23 f.). |
| 3. Etenim Christus peccata mundi in se recepit et sustulit, divinæque justitiæ satisfecit. Deus ergo propter solum Christum passum et resuscitatum, propitius est peccatis nostris, nec illa nobis imputat, imputat autem justitiam Christi pro nostra: ita, ut jam simus non solum mundati a peccatis et purgati, vel sancti, sed etiam donati justitia Christi, adeoque absoluti a peccatis, morte vel condemnatione, justi denique ac hæredes vitæ æternæ. Proprie ergo loquendo, Deus solus nos justificat, et duntaxat propter Christum justificat, non imputans nobis peccata, sed imputans ejus nobis justitiam (2 Cor. v. 21; Rom. iv. 24, 25). | For Christ took upon himself and bore the sins of the world, and satisfied divine justice. Therefore, solely on account of Christ's sufferings and resurrection God is propitious with respect to our sins and does not impute them to us, but imputes Christ's righteousness to us as our own (II Cor. 5;19 ff.; Rom. 4;25), so that now we are not only cleansed and purged from sins or are holy, but also, granted the righteousness of Christ, and so absolved from sin, death and condemnation, are at last righteous and heirs of eternal life. Properly speaking, therefore, God alone justifies us, and justifies only on account of Christ, not imputing sins to us but imputing his righteousness to us. |
| 4. Quoniam vero nos justificationem hanc recipimus, non per ulla, opera, sed per fidem in Dei misericordiam et Christum, ideo docemus et credimus cum Apostolo, hominem peccatorem justificari sola fide in Christum, non lege, aut ullis operibus. Dicit enim Apostolus: Arbitramur, fide justificari hominem absque operibus legis (Rom. iii. 28). Item: Si Abraham ex operibus justificatus fait, habet, quod glorietur, sed non apud Deum. Quid enim Scriptura dicit? Credidit Abraham Deo, et imputatum est ei ad justitiam. At ei, qui non operatur, sed credit in eum, qui justificat impium, imputatur fides sua ad justitiam (Rom. iv. 2–5). Et iterum: Gratia estis servati per fidem, idque non ex vobis, Dei donum est. Non ex operibus, ne quis glorietur, etc. (Eph. ii. 8, 9). Ergo, quia fides Christum justitiam nostram recipit, et gratiae Dei in Christo omnia tribuit, ideo fidei tribuitur justificatio, maxime propter Christum, et non ideo, quia nostrum opus est. Donum enim Dei est. Ceterum nos Christum fide recipere multis ostendit Dominus, apud Joan. cap. vi. ubi pro credere ponit manducare, et pro manducare credere. Nam sicut manducando cibum recipimus, ita credendo participamus Christum. | But because we receive this justification, not through any works, but through faith in the mercy of God and in Christ, we therefore teach and believe with the apostle that sinful man is justified by faith alone in Christ, not by the law or any works. For the apostle says: "We hold that a man is justified by faith apart from works of law" (Rom. 3:28). Also: "If Abraham was justified by works, he has something to boast about, but not before God. For what does the scripture say? Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness....And to one who does not work but believes in him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is reckoned as righteousness" (Rom. 4:2 ff.; Gen. 15:6). And again: "By grace you have been saved through faith; and this is not your own doing, it is the gift of God--not because of works, lest any man should boast," etc. (Eph. 2:8 f.). Therefore, because faith receives Christ our righteousness and attributes everything to the grace of God in Christ, on that account justification is attributed to faith, chiefly because of Christ and not therefore because it is our work. For it is the gift of God. Moreover, the Lord abundantly shows that we receive Christ by faith, in John, ch. 6, where he puts eating for believing, and believing for eating. For as we receive food by eating, so we participate in Christ by believing. |
| 5. Itaque justifications beneficium non partimur, partim gratiae Dei, vel Christo, partim nobis, aut dilectioni operibusve, vel merito nostro, sed insolidum gratiæ Dei in Christo per fidem tribuimus. Sed et non possent Deo placere dilectio et opera nostra, si fierent ab injustis; proinde oportet nos prius justos esse, quam diligamus aut faciamus opera justa. Justi vere efficimur, quemadmodum diximus, per fidem in Christum, mera gratia Dei, qui peccata nobis non imputat, sed justitiam Christi, adeoque fidem in Christum ad justitiam nobis imputat. Apostolus præterea apertissime dilectionem derivat ex fide, dicens: Finis præcepti est caritas, ex puro corde, conscientia bona, et fide non ficta (1 Tim. i. 5). | Therefore, we do not share in the benefit of justification partly because of the grace of God or Christ, and partly because of ourselves, our love, works or merit, but we attribute it wholly to the grace of God in Christ through faith. For our love and our works could not please God in Christ through faith. For our love and our works could not please God if performed by unrighteous men. Therefore, it is necessary for us to be righteous before we may love and do good works. We are made trulyrighteous, as we have said, by faith in Christ purely by the grace of God, who does not impute to us our sins, but the righteousness of Christ, or rather, he imputes faith in Christ to us for righteousness. Moreover, the apostle very clearly derives love from faith when he says: "The aim of our command is love that issues from a pure heart, a good conscience, and a sincere faith" (I Tim. 1:5) |
| 6. Quapropter loquimur in hac causa non de ficta fide, de inani et otiosa, aut mortua, sed de fide viva vivificanteque, quae propter Christum, qui vita est et vivificat, quern comprehendit, viva est et dicitur, ac se vivam esse vivis declarat operibus. Nihil itaque contra hanc nostram doctrinam pugnat Jacobus, qui de fide loquitur inani et mortua, quam quidam jactabant, Christum autem intra se viventem per fidem non habebant. Idem ille dixit, opera justificare, non contra dicens Apostolo (rejiciendus alioqui), sed ostendens Abrahamum vivam justificantemque fidem suam declaravisse per opera (Jac. ii.). Id quod omnes pii faciunt, qui tamen soli Christo, nullis suis operibus fidunt. Iterum enim Apostolus dixit: Vivo jam non ego, sed vivit in me Christus. Vitam autem, quam nunc vivo in carne, per fidem vivo Filii Dei, qui dilexit me, et tradidit semetipsum pro me. Non adspernor gratiam Dei. Nam si per legem est justitia: igitur Christus frustra mortuus est, etc. (Gal. ii. 20, 21). | Wherefore, in this matter we are not speaking of a fictitious, empty, lazy and dead faith, but of a living, quickening faith. It is and is called a living faith because it apprehends Christ who is life and makes alive, and shows that it is alive by living works. And so James does not contradict anything in this doctrine of ours. For he speaks of an empty, dead faith of which some boasted but who did not have Christ living in them by faith (James 2:14 ff.). James said that works justify, yet without contradicting the apostle (otherwise he would have to be rejected) but showing that Abraham proved his living and justifying faith by works. This all the pious do, but they trust in Christ alone and not in their own works. For again the apostle said: "It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me; and the life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, [The Latin reads: "by the faith of the Son of God."] who loved me and gave himself for me. I do not reject the grace of God; for if justification were through the law, then Christ died to no purpose," etc. (Gal. 2:20 f.). |
| CAP. XVI. DE FIDE, ET BONIS OPERIBUS, EORUMQUE MERCEDE, ET MERITO HOMINIS. | CHAPTER XVI Of Faith and Good Works, and of Their Reward, and of Man's Merit |
| 1. Fides enim Christiana non est opinio ac humana persuasio, sed firmissima fiducia et evidens ac constans animi adsensus, denique certissima comprehensio veritatis Dei, propositæ in Scripturis et Symbolo Apostolico, atque adeo Dei ipsius summi boni, et præcipue promissionis divinæ, et Christi, qui omnium promissionum est colophon. | Christian faith is not an opinion or human conviction, but a most firm trust and a clear and steadfast assent of the mind, and then a most certain apprehension of the truth of God presented in the Scriptures and in the Apostles' Creed, and thus also of God himself, the greatest good, and especially of God's promise and of Christ who is the fulfilment of all promises. |
| 2. Hæc autem fides merum est Dei donum, quod solus Deus ex gratia sua, electis suis, secundum mensuram, et quando, cui, et quantum ipse vult, donat, et quidem per Spiritum Sanctum, mediante prædicatione Evangelii, et oratione fideli. Hæc etiam sua habet incrementa; quæ nisi et ipsa darentur a Deo, non dixissent Apostoli: Domine! adauge nobis fidem (Luc. xvii. 5). | But this faith is a pure gift of God which God alone of his grace gives to his elect according to this measure when, to whom and to the degree he wills. And he does this by the holy Spirit by means of the preaching of the Gospel and steadfast prayer. This faith also has its increase, and unless it were given by God, the apostles would not have said: "Lord, increase our faith" (Luke 17:5). |
| 3. Et hæc quidem omnia, quæ hactenus de fide diximus, ante nos ita docuerunt Apostoli. Paulus enim: Est autem fides, inquit, eorum, quæ sperantur, ?p?stas??, vel subsistentia firma, et earum rerum, quæ non videntur, ??e????, id est, evidens ei certa rei comprehensio (Heb. xi. 1). Et idem iterum: Quotquot sunt promissiones Dei, inquit, per Christum sunt etiam et per ipsum Amen (2 Cor. i. 20). Ad Philipp. idem ait, donatum esse ipsis ut credant in Christum (Phil. i. 29). Item: Deus unicuique partitus est mensuram fidei (Rom. xii. 3; 2 Thess. iii. 2). Rursus: Non omnium est fides, ait, neque obediunt omnes Evangelio (Rom. x. 16). Sed et Lucas testatur et ait: Et crediderunt, quotquot erant ordinati ad vitam (Act. xiii. 48). Unde idem iterum fidem nuncupat, fidem electorum Dei (Tit. i. 1). Et iterum: Fides est ex auditu, auditus autem per verbum Dei (Rom. x. 17). Alibi sæpe jubet orare pro fide. | And all these things which up to this point we have said concerning faith, the apostles have taught before us. For Paul said: "For faith is the sure subsistence, of things hoped for, and the clear and certain apprehension" (Heb. 11:1). And again he says that all the promises of God are Yes through Christ and through Christ are Amen (II Cor. 1:20). And to the Philippians he said that it has been given tothem to believe in Christ (Phil. 1:29). Again, God assigned to each the measure of faith (Rom. 12:3). Again: "Not all have faith" and, "Not all obey the Gospel" (II Thess. 3:2; Rom. 10:16). But Luke also bears witness, saying: "As many as were ordained to life believed" (Acts 13:48). Wherefore Paul also calls faith "the faith of God's elect" (Titus 1:1), and again: "Faith comes from hearing, and hearing comes by the Word of God" (Rom. 10:17). Elsewhere he often commands men to pray for faith. |
| 4. Idem ille Apostolus fidem vocat efficacem et sese exserentem per dilectionem (Gal. v. 6). Illa conscientiam quoque pacificat, et liberum ad Deum aditum aperit, ut cum fiducia ad ipsum accedamus, et obtineamus ab eo utilia et necessaria. Eadem retinet nos in officio, quod Deo debemus et proximo, et in adversis patientiam firmat, et confessionem veram format atque facit, et, ut uno verbo omnia dicam, omnis generis bonos fructus et bona opera progignit (Gal. v. 22 sqq.). | The same apostle calls faith efficacious and active through love (Gal. 5:6). It also quiets the conscience and opens a free access to God, so that we may draw near to him with confidence and may obtain from him what is useful and necessary. The same [faith] keeps us in the service we owe to God and our neighbor, strengthens our patience in adversity, fashions and makes a true confession, and in a word brings forth good fruit of all kinds, and good works. |
| 5. Docemus enim, vere bona opera enasci ex viva fide, per Spiritum Sanctum, et a fidelibus fieri secundum voluntatem vel regulam Verbi Dei. Nam Petrus Apostolus: Omni adhibito studio, inquit, subministrate in fide vestra virtutem, in virtute vero scientiam, in scientia vero temperantiam, etc. (2 Pet. i. 5–7). Diximus autem antea, legem Dei, quae voluntas Dei est, formulam nobis præscribere bonorum operum. Et Apostolus ait: Hæc est voluntas Dei, sanctificatio vestra, ut abstineatis ab immunditie, et ne quis opprimat aut fraudet in negotio fratrem suum (1 Thess. iv. 4-6). Etenim non probantur Deo opera, et nostro arbitrio delecti cultus, quos Paulus nuncupat: e,qeloqrhskei,aj (Col. ii. 18). De quibus et Dominus in Evangelio: Frustra me colunt, ait, docentes doctrinas præcepta hominum (Matt. xv. 9). | For we teach that truly good works grow out of a living faith by the Holy Spirit and are done by the faithful according tothe will or rule of God's Word. Now the apostle Peter says: "Make every effort to supplement your faith with virtue, and virtue with knowledge, and knowledge with self-control," etc.(II Peter 1:5 ff.). But we have said above that the law of God, which is his will, prescribes for us the pattern of good works. And the apostle says: "This is the will of God, your sanctification, that you abstain form immorality...that no man transgress, and wrong his brother in business" (I Thess. 4:3 ff.). And indeed works and worship which we choose arbitrarily are not pleasing to God. These Paul calls "self-devised worship" Col. 2:23. Of such the Lord says in the Gospel: "In vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrines the precepts of men" (Matt. 15:9). |
| 6. Improbamus ergo hujusmodi opera: adprobamus et urgemus illa, quæ sunt ex voluntate et mandato Dei. Illa ipsa fieri debent, non ut his promereamur vitam æternam. Donum Dei enim est, ut Apostolus ait, vita æterna, neque ad ostentationem, quam rejecit Dominus (Matt. vi. ), neque ad quæstum, quem et ipsum rejecit (Matt. xxiii. ), sed ad gloriam Dei, ad ornandam vocationem nostram, gratitudinemque Deo præstandam, et ad utilitatem proximi. Rursus enim Dominus noster in Evangelio dicit: Sic luceat lux vestra coram hominibus, ut videant vestra opera bona, et glorificent Patrem, qui in cælis est (Matt. v. 16). Sed et Apostolus Paulus: Ambulate digne vocatione vestra (Eph. iv. 1). Item: Quidquid egeritis, inquit, aut sermone aut facto, omnia in nomine Jesu facite, gratias agentes Deo et Patri per illum (Col. iii. 17). Idem: Nemo, quod suum est, quærat, sed quisque quod alterius (Phil. ii. 4). Et: Discant et nostri, bona opera tueri ad ne cessarios usus, ut non sint infrugiferi (Tit. iii. 14). | Therefore, we disapprove of such works, and approve and urge those that are of God's will and commission. These same works ought not to be done in order that we may earn eternal life by them, for, as the apostle says, eternal life is the gift of God. Nor are they to be done for ostentation which the Lord rejects in Matt., ch. 6, nor for gain which he also rejects in Matt., ch. 23, but for the glory of God, to adorn our calling, to show gratitude to God, and for the profit of the neighbor. For our Lord says again in the Gospel: "Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father who is in heaven" (Matt. 5:16). And the apostle Paul says: "Lead a life worthy of the calling to which you have been called" (Eph. 4:1). Also: "And whatever you do, in word or deed, do everything in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and to the Fatehr through him" (Col. 3:17), and, "Let each of you look not to his own interests, but to the interests of others" (Phil. 2:4), and, "Let our people learn to apply themselves to good deeds, so as to help cases of urgent need, and not to be unfruitful" (Titus 3:14). |
| 7. Quamvis ergo doceamus cum Apostolo, hominem gratis justificari per fidem in Christum, et non per ulla opera bona, non ideo tamen vilipendimus aut condemnamus opera bona. Cum sciamus, hominem nec conditum nec regenitum esse per fidem, ut otietur, sed potius, ut indesinenter, quæ bona et utilia sunt, faciat. Etenim in Evangelio dicit Dominus: Bona arbor bonum fructum adfert (Matt. xii. 33). Et iterum: Quid in me manet, plurimum fructum adfert (Joh. xv. 5). Denique Apostolus: Dei sumus creatura, ait, conditi in Christo Jesu ad opera bona, quæ præparavit Deus, ut in eis ambulemus (Eph. ii. 10). Et iterum: Qui tradidit semetipsum pro nobis, ut redimeret ah omni iniquitate et mundaret sibi populum peculiarem, sectatorem bonorum operum (Tit. ii. 14). | Therefore, although we teach with the apostle that a man is justified by grace through faith in Christ and not through any good works, yet we do not think that good works are of little value and condemn them. We know that man was not created or regenerated through faith in order to be idle, but rather that without ceasing he should do those things which are good and useful. For in the Gospel the Lord says that a good tree brings forth good fruit (Matt. 12:33), and that he who abides in me bears much fruit (John 15:5). The apostle says: "For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them" (Eph. 2:10), and again: "Who gave himself for us to redeem us from all iniquity and to purify for himself a people of his own who are zealous for good deeds" (Titus 2:14). |
| 8. Damnamus itaque omnes, qui bona opera contemnunt, non curanda et inutilia esse blaterant. Interim, quod et antea dictum est, non sentimus, per opera bona nos servari, illaque ad salutem ita esse necessaria, ut absque illis nemo unquam sit servatus. Gratia enim soliusque Christi beneficio servamur. Opera necessario ex fide progignuntur. At improprie his salus attribuitur: quæ propriissime adscribitur gratiæ. Notissima enim est illa Apostoli sententia: Si per gratiam, jam non ex operibus: quandoquidem gratia, jam non est gratia. Sin ex operibus, jam non ex gratia; quandoquidem jam opus, non est opus (Rom. xi. 6). | We therefore condemn all who despise good works and who babble that they are useless and that we do not need to pay attention to them. Nevertheless, as was said above, we do not think that we are saved by good works, and that they are so necessary for salvation that no one was ever saved without them. For we are saved by grace and the favor of Christ alone. Works necessarily proceed from faith. And salvation is improperly attributed to them, but is most properly ascribed to grace. The apostle's sentence is well known: "If it is by grace, then it is no longer of works; otherwise grace would no longer be grace. But if it is of works, then it is no longer grace, because otherwise work is no longer work" (Rom. 11:6). |
| 9. Placent vero adprobanturque a Deo opera, quæ a nobis fiunt per fidem. Quia illi placent Deo, propter fidem in Christum, qui faciunt opera bona, quæ insuper per Spiritum Sanctum ex gratia Dei sunt facta. S. Petrus enim: In quavis gente, inquit, qui timet ipsum et operatur justitiam, is acceptus est illi (Act. x. 35). Et Paulus: Non desinimus orare pro vobis, ut ambuletis digne Domino, ut per omnia placeatis, in omni opere bono fructificantes (Col i. 9, 10). Itaque veras, non falsas aut philosophicas virtutes, vere bona opera et genuina Christiani hominis officia sedulo docemus, et quanta possumus, diligentia vehementiaque omnibus inculcamus, vituperantes omnium illorum et desidiam et hypocrisin, qui ore Evangelium laudant et profitentur, vita autem turpi dedecorant, proponentes hac in causa horribiles Dei minas, amplas denique promissiones Dei, et liberalia præmia, exhortando, consolando, et objurgando. | Now the works which we do by faith are pleasing to God and are approved by him. Because of faith in Christ, those who do good works which, moreover, are done from God's grace through the Holy Spirit, are pleasing to god. For St. Peter said: "In every nation anyone who fears God and does what is right is acceptable to him" (Acts 10:35). And Paul said: "We have not ceased to pray for you...that you may walk worthily of the Lord, fully pleasing to him, bearing fruit in every good work" (Col. 1:9 f.). And so we diligently teach true, not false and philosophical virtues, truly good works, and the genuine service of a Christian. And as much as we can we diligently and zealously press them upon all men, while censuring the sloth and Hypocrisy of all those who praise and profess the Gospel with their lips and dishonor it by their disgraceful lives. In this matter we place before them God's terrible threats and then his rich promises and generous rewards -- exhorting, consoling and rebuking. |
| 10. Etenim docemus, Deum bona operantibus amplam dare mercedem, juxta illam prophetae sententiam: Cohibe vocem tuam a fletu: quoniam erit merces operi tuo (Jer. xxxi. 16). In Evangelio quoque dixit Dominus: Gaudete et exultate, quia merces vestra multa est in cælis (Matt. v. 12). Et qui dederit uni ex minimis meis poculum aquæ frigidæ, amen dico vobis, non perdet mercedem suam (Matt. x. 42). Referimus tamen mercedem hanc, quam Dominus dat, non ad meritum hominis accipientis, sed ad bonitatem, vel liberalitatem, et veritatem Dei promittentis atque dantis, qui, cum nihil debeat cuiquam, promisit tamen, se suis cultoribus fidelibus mercedem daturum: qui interim dat eis etiam, ut ipsum colant. Sunt multa præterea indigna Deo, et imperfecta plurima inveniuntur in operibus etiam sanctorum: quia vero Deus recipit in gratiam et complectitur propter Christum operantes, mercedem eis promissam persolvit. Alioqui enim justitiæ nostræ comparantur panno menstruato (Isa. lxiv. 6). Sed et Dominus dicit in Evangelio: Cum feceritis omnia, quæ præcepta sunt vobis, dicite, servi inutiles sumus: quod debuimus facere, facimus (Luc. xvii. 10). | For we teach that God gives a rich reward to those who do good works, according to that saying of the prophet: "keep your voice from weeping,...for your work shall be rewarded" (Jer. 31:16; Isa., ch. 4). The Lord also said in the Gospel: "Rejoice and be glad, for your reward is great in heaven" (Matt. 5:12), and, "Whoever gives to one of these my little ones a cup of cold water, truly, I say to you, he shall not lose his reward" (ch. 10:42). However, we do not ascribe this reward, which the Lord gives, to the merit of the man who receives it, but to the goodness, generosity and truthfulness of God who promises and gives it, and who, although he owes nothing to anyone, nevertheless promises that he will give a reward to his faithful worshippers; meanwhile he also gives them that they may honor him. Moreover, in the works even of the saints there is much that is unworthy of God and very much that is imperfect. But because God receives into favor and embraces those who do works for Christ's sake, he grants to them the promised reward. For in other respects our righteousnesses are compared to a filthy wrap (Isa. 64:6). And the Lord says in the Gospel: "When you have done all that is commanded you, say, "We are unworthy servants; we have only done what was our duty" (Like 17:10). |
| 11. Tametsi ergo doceamus, mercedem dari a Deo nostris benefactis, simul tamen docemus cum Augustino, coronare Deum in nobis non merita nostra, sed dona sua. Et proinde quidquid accipimus mercedis, dicimus gratiam quoque esse, et magis quidem gratiam quam mercedem: quod, quæ bona facimus, per Deum magis, quam per nos ipsos facimus: et quod Paulus dicat: Quid habes, quod non accepisti? Si vero accepisti, quid gloriaris, quasi non acceperis? (1 Cor. iv. 7). Et quod hinc collegit beatus martyr Cyprianus: In nullo nobis gloriandum esse, quando nostrum nihil sit. Damnamus ergo illos, qui merita hominum sic defendunt, ut evacuent gratiam Dei. | Therefore, although we teach that God rewards our good deeds, yet at the same time we teach, with Augustine, that God does not crown in us our merits but his gifts. Accordingly we say that whatever reward we receive is also grace, and is more grace than reward, because the good we do, we do more through God than through ourselves, and because Paul says: "What have you that you did not receive? If then you received it, why do you boast as if you had not received it?" (I Cor. 4:7). And this is what the blessed martyr Cyprian concluded from this verse: We are not to glory in anything in us, since nothing is our own. We therefore condemn those who defend the merits of men in such a way that they invalidate the grace of God. |
| CAP. XVII. DE CATHOLICA ET SANCTA DEI ECCLESIA, ET UNICO CAPITE ECCLESIÆ. | CHAPTER XVII Of The Catholic and Holy Church of God, and of The One Only Head of The Church |
| 1. Quando autem Deus ab initio salvos voluit fieri homines, et ad agnitionem veritatis venire, oportet omnino semper fuisse, nunc esse, et ad finem usque seculi futuram esse Ecclesiam, id est, e mundo evocatum vel collectum coetum fidelium, sanctorum, inquam, omnium communionem, eorum videlicet, qui Deum verum, in Christo Servatore, per verbum et Spiritum Sanctum vere cognoscunt et rite colunt, denique omnibus bonis per Christum gratuito oblatis fide participant. Sunt isti omnes unius civitatis cives, viventes sub eodem Domino, sub iisdem legibus, in eadem omnium bonorum participatione. Sic enim hos concives sanctorum et domesticos Dei appellavit Apostolus (Eph. ii. 19): Sanctos appellans fideles in terris, sanguine Filii Dei sanctificatos (1 Cor. vi. 11). De quibus omnino intelligendus est Symboli articulus: Credo sanctam Ecclesiam Catholicam, sanctorum communionem. | But because God from the beginning would have men to be saved, and to come to the knowledge of the truth (I Tim. 2:4), it is altogether necessary that there always should have been, and should be now, and to the end of the world, a Church. The Church is an assembly of the faithful called or gathered out of the world; a communion, I say, of all saints, namely, of those who truly know and rightly worship and serve the true God in Christ the Savior, by the Word and holy Spirit, and who by faith are partakers of all benefits which are freely offered through Christ. They are all citizens of the one city, living under the same Lord, under the same laws and in the same fellowship of all good things. For the apostle calls them "fellow citizens with the saints and members of the household of God" (Eph. 2:19), calling the faithful on earth saints (I Cor. 4:1), who are sanctified by the blood of the Son of God. The article of the Creed, "I believe in the holy catholic Church, the communion of saints," is to be understood wholly as concerning these saints. |
| 2. Et cum semper unus modo sit Deus, unus Mediator Dei et hominum Jesus Messias, unus item gregis universi pastor, unum hujus corporis caput, unus denique Spiritus, una salus, una fides, unum testamentum vel foedus; necessario consequitur unam duntaxat esse Ecclesiam: quam propterea Catholicam nuncupamus, quod sit universalis, et diffundatur per omnes mundi partes, et ad omnia se tempora extendat, nullis vel locis inclusa vel temporibus. Damnamus ergo Donatistas, qui Ecclesiam in nescio quos Africæ coarctabant angulos. Nec Romanensem adprobamus clerum, qui solam prope Romanam Ecclesiam venditat pro Catholica. | And since there is always but one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, Jesus the Messiah, and one Shepherd of the whole flock, one Head of this body, and, to conclude, one Spirit, one salvation, one faith, one Testament or covenant, it necessarily follows that there is only one Church. We, therefore, call this Church catholic because it is universal, scattered through all parts of the world, and extended unto all times, and is not limited to any times or places. Therefore, we condemn the Donatists who confined the Church to I know not what corners of Africa. Nor do we approve of the Roman clergy who have recently passed off only the Roman Church as catholic. |
| 3. Diducitur quidem Ecclesia in partes vel species varias, non quod divisa aut divulsa sit in semetipsa, sed magis propter membrorum in ipsa diversitatem distincta. Aliam enim faciunt Ecclesiam militantem, aliam vero triumphantem. Militat illa adhuc in terris, et certat cum carne, cum mundo, et principe mundi hujus, diabolo, cum peccato atque morte. Hæc vero rude jam donata, in coelo triumphat de istis devictis omnibus, et exultat coram Domino: nihilominus habent illæ inter sese communionem, vel conjunctionem. | The Church is divided into different parts or forms; not because it is divided or rent asunder in itself, but rather because it is distinguished by the diversity of the numbers that are in it. For the one is called the Church Militant, the other the Church Triumphant. The former still wages war on earth, and fights against the flesh, the world, and the prince of this world, the devil; against sin and death. But the latter, having been now discharged, triumphs in heaven immediately after having overcome all those things and rejoices before the Lord. Notwithstanding both have fellowship and union one with another. |
| 4. Et militans in terris Ecclesia semper plurimas habuit particulares ecclesias, quæ tamen omnes ad unitatem Catholicæ Ecclesiæ referuntur. Hæc aliter fuit instituta ante legem inter patriarchas, aliter sub Mose per legem, aliter a Christo per Evangelium. Vulgo numerantur fere duo populi, Israelitarum videlicet et gentium, vel eorum, qui ex Judæis et gentibus collecti sunt in Ecclesiam, testamenta item duo, vetus et novum. Omnium tamen horum populorum una fuit et est societas, una salus in uno Messia, in quo ceu membra unius corporis sub unum caput connectuntur omnes, in eadem fide, etiam de eodem cibo et potu spirituali participantes. Agnoscimus hie tamen diversa fuisse tempora, diversa symbola promissi et exhibiti Messiæ, sublatisque cærimonialibus, lucem nobis illustriorem lucere, et dona auctiora donari, et libertatem esse pleniorem. | Moreover, the Church Militant upon the earth has always had many particular churches. yet all these are to be referred to the unity of the catholic Church. This [Militant] Church was set up differently before the Law among the patriarchs; otherwise under Moses by the Law; and differently by Christ through the Gospel. Generally two peoples are usually counted, namely, the Israelites and Gentiles, or those who have been gathered from among Jews and Gentiles into the Church. There are also two Testaments, the Old and the New. Yet from all these people there was and is one fellowship, one salvation in the one Messiah; in whom, as members of one body under one Head, all united together in the same faith, partaking also of the same spiritual food and drink. Yet here we acknowledge a diversity of times, and a diversity in the signs of the promised and delivered Christ; and that now the ceremonies being abolished, the light shines unto us more clearly, and blessings are given to us more abundantly, and a fuller liberty. |
| 5. Hæc Ecclesia Dei sancta vocatur domus Dei viventis, exstructa ex lapidibus vivis et spiritualibus, et imposita super petram immotam, super fundamentum, quo aliud collocari non potest: et ideo nuncupatur etiam columna et basis veritatis (1 Tim. iii. 15). Non errat illa, quamdiu innititur petræ Christo et fundamento Prophetarum et Apostolorum. Nec mirum, si erret, quoties deserit ilium, qui solus est veritas. Vocatur Ecclesia etiam virgo ac sponsa Christi, et quidem unica et dilecta. Apostolus enim: Adjunxi vos, inquit, uni viro, ut virginem castam, exhiberetis Christo (2 Cor. xi. 2). Vocatur Ecclesia grex ovium sub uno pastore Christo, idque apud Ezechielem in Cap. XXXIV. et apud Joannem in Cap. X. Vocatur item corpus Christi, quia fideles sunt viva Christi membra, sub capite Christo. | This holy Church of God is called the temple of the living God, built of living and spiritual stones and founded upon a firm rock, upon a foundation which no other can lay, and therefore it is called "the pillar and bulwark of the truth" (I Tim. 3:15). It does not err as long as it rests upon the rock Christ, and upon the foundation of the prophets and apostles. And it is no wonder if it errs, as often as it deserts him who alone is the truth. This Church is also called a virgin and the Bride of Christ, and even the only Beloved. For the apostle says: "I betrothed you to Christ to present you as a pure bride to Christ" (II Cor. 11:2). The Church is called a flock of sheep under the one shepherd, Christ, according to Ezek., ch. 34, and John, ch. 10. It is also called the body of Christ because the faithful are living members of Christ under Christ the Head. |
| 6. Caput est, quod in corpore eminentiam habet, et unde corpus vitam haurit, cujus spiritu regitur in omnibus, unde et incrementa et, ut crescat, habet. Unicum item est corporis caput, et cum corpore habet congruentiam. Ergo Ecclesia non potest ullum aliud habere caput, quam Christum. Nam ut Ecclesia est corpus spirituale, ita caput habeat sibi congruens spirituale, utique oportet. Nec alio potest regi spiritu, quam Christi. Paulus quoque: Ipse est caput, inquit, corporis ecclesiæ, qui est principium, primogenitus ex mortuis, ut sit ipse in omnibus primas tenens (Col. i. 18). Et idem iterum: Christus est, inquit, caput ecclesiæ, qui idem salutem dat corpori (Eph. i. 23). Et rursus: Qui est caput ecclesiæ, ait, quæ corpus illius, complementum ejus, qui omnia in omnibus adimplet (Eph. i. 22, 23). Item: Adolescamus in illum per omnia, qui est caput, nempe Christus, in quo totum corpus, si compingatur, incrementum capit (Eph. iv. 15, 16). | It is the head which has the preeminence in the body, and from it the whole body receives life; by its spirit the body is governed in all things; from it, also, the body receives increase, that it may grow up. Also, there is one head of the body, and it is suited to the body. Therefore the Church cannot have any other head besides Christ. For as the Church is a spiritual body, so it must also have a spiritual head in harmony with itself. Neither can it be governed by any other spirit than by the Spirit of Christ. Wherefore Paul says: "He is the head of the body, the church; he is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, that in everything he might be preeminent" (Col. 1:18). And in another place: "Christ is the head of the church, his body, and is himself its Savior" (Eph. 5:23). And again: he is "the head over all things for the church, which is his body, the fulness of him who fills all in all" (Eph. 1:22 f.). Also: "We are to grow up in every way into him who is the head, into Christ, from whom the whole body, joined and knit together, makes bodily growth" (Eph. 4:15 f.). |
| 7. Non probamus ergo doctrinam cleri Romani, facientis suum illum Romanum Pontificem Catholicæ in terris ecclesiæ militantis pastorem universalem et caput summum, adeoque verum Christi vicarium, qui habeat in Ecclesia plenitudinem, ut vocant, potestatis, et dominium supremum. | And therefore we do not approve of the doctrine of the Roman clergy, who make their Pope at Rome the universal shepherd and supreme head of the Church Militant here on earth, and so the very vicar of Jesus Christ, who has (as they say) all fulness of power and sovereign authority in the Church. |
| 8. Docemus enim, Christum Dominum esse et manere unicum pastorem universalem, summum item Pontificem coram Deo Patre, ac in Ecclesia ipsum omnia pontificis vel pastoris obire munia, ad finem usque sæculi, ideoque nullo indigere vicario, qui absentis est. Christus vero præsens est ecclesiæ, et caput vivificum. Hic Apostolis suis Apostolorumque successoribus primatum et dominium in Ecclesia severissime prohibuit. [Quicunque ergo huic illustri veritati contradicentes reluctantur, et in Ecclesiam Christi diversam inducunt gubernationem, quis non videat, eos illis potius esse adcensendos, de quibus Apostoli Christi vaticinantur, Petrus (2 Pet. ii.), et Paulus (Act. xx., 2 Cor. xi., et 2 Thess. ii.), et aliis quoque in locis?] | For we teach that Christ the Lord is, and remains the only universal pastor, and highest Pontiff before God the Father; and that in the Church he himself performs all the duties of a bishop or pastor, even to the world's end; [Vicar] and therefore does not need a substitute for one who is absent. For Christ is present with his Church, and is its life-giving Head. He has strictly forbidden his apostles and their successors to have any primacy and dominion in the Church. Who does not see, therefore, that whoever contradicts and opposes this plain truth is rather to be counted among the number of those of whom Christ's apostles prophesied: Peter in II Peter, ch. 2, and Paul in Acts 20:2; II Cor. 11:2; II Thess., ch.2, and also in other places? |
| 9. Sublato autem capite Romano; nullam inducimus in Ecclesiam Christi avtaxi,an, vel perturbationem: cum doceamus, gubernationem Ecclesiæ, ab Apostolis traditam, nobis sufficere ad retinendam in justo ordine Ecclesiam, quæ ab initio, dum hujusmodi capite Romano, quale hodie dicitur Ecclesiam conservare in ordine, caruit, atactica vel inordinata non fuit. Servat quidem caput Romanum tyrannidem suam, et corruptelam inductam in Ecclesiam: sed impedit interim, oppugnat, et, quantis potest viribus, exscindit justam ecclesiæ reformationem. | However, by doing away with a Roman head we do not bring any confusion or disorder into the Church, since we teach that the government of the Church which the apostles handed down is sufficient to keep the Church in proper order, the Church was not disordered or in confusion. The Roman head does indeed preserve his tyranny and the corruption that has been brought into the Church, and meanwhile he hinders, resists, and with all the strength he can muster cuts off the proper reformation of the Church. |
| 10. Objicitur nobis, varia esse in ecclesiis nostris certamina atque dissidia, posteaquam se a Romana separarunt Ecclesia, proinde non esse eas Ecclesias veras. Quasi vero nullæ unquam fuerint in Ecclesia Romana sectæ, nulla unquam dissidia atque certamina, et quidem de religione, non tam in scholis, quam in cathedris sacris, in medio populi instituta. Agnoscimus sane, dixisse Apostolum: Deus non est Deus dissensionis, sed pacis (1 Cor. xiv. 33). Et: Cum sit in vobis æmulatio et contentio, an non carnales estis? (1 Cor. iii. 3). Negari tamen non potest, Deum fuisse in Ecclesia Apostolica, et Apostolicam Ecclesiam fuisse Ecclesiam veram, in qua tamen fuerunt concertationes et dissidia. Reprehendit enim Petrum Apostolum Apostolus Paulus, ab hoc dissidet Barnabas (Gal. ii. ). Certamen grave exoritur in Ecclesia Antiochena inter eos, qui unum Christum prædicabant: sicut commemorat Lucas in Actis Apost., Cap. XV. Gravia semper fuerunt in Ecclesia certamina, et dissenserunt inter sese de rebus non levibus doctores ecclesiæ præclarissimi, ut ex his contentionibus interim Ecclesia non id esse desineret, quod erat. Ita enim placet Deo, dissidiis ecclesiasticis uti, ad gloriam nominis sui, ad illustrandam denique veritatem, et ut qui probati sunt, manifesti fiant. | We are reproached because there have been manifold dissensions and strife in our churches since they separated themselves from the Church of Rome, and therefore cannot be true churches. As though there were never in the Church of Rome any sects, nor contentions and quarrels concerning religion, and indeed, carried on not so much in the schools as from pulpits in the midst of the people. We know, to be sure, that the apostle said: "God is not a God of confusion but of peace" (I Cor. 14:33), and, "While there is jealousy and strife among you, are you not of the flesh?" Yet we cannot deny that God was in the apostolic Church and that it was a true Church, even though there were wranglings and dissensions in it. The apostle Paul reprehended Peter, an apostle (Gal. 2:11 ff.), and Barnabas dissented from Paul. Great contention arose in the Church of Antioch between them that preached the one Christ, as Luke records in The Acts of the Apostles, ch. 15. And there have at all times been great contentions in the Church, and the most excellent teachers of the Church have differed among themselves about important matters without meanwhile the Church ceasing to be the Church because of these contentions. For thus it pleases God to use the dissensions that arise in the Church to the glory of his name, to illustrate the truth, and in order that those who are in the right might be manifest (I Cor. 11:19). |
| 11. Ceterum, ut non agnoscimus aliud caput Ecclesiæ quam Christum, ita non agnoscimus quamlibet Ecclesiam, quæ se venditat pro vera, veram esse Ecclesiam; sed illam docemus veram esse Ecclesiam, in qua signa vel notæ inveniuntur Ecclesiæ veræ, imprimis vero Verbi Dei legitima vel sincera prædicatio, prout nobis est tradita in libris Prophetarum et Apostolorum, qui omnes ad Christum deducunt, qui in Evangelio dixit: Oves meæ vocem meam audiunt, et ego cognosco eas, et sequuntur me, et ego vitam æternam do eis. Alienum autem non sequuntur, sed fugiunt, ab eo, quia non noverunt vocem alienorum (Joh. x. 4, 5, 27, 28). | Moreover, as we acknowledge no other head of the Church than Christ, so we do not acknowledge every church to be the true Church which vaunts herself to be such; but we teach that the true Church is that in which the signs or marks of the true Church are to be found, especially the lawful and sincere preaching of the Word of God as it was delivered to us in the books of the prophets and the apostles, which all lead us unto Christ, who said in the Gospel: "My sheep hear me voice, and I know them, and they follow me; and I give unto them eternal life. A stranger they do not follow, but they flee from him, for they do not know the voice of strangers" (John 10:5, 27, 28). |
| 12. Et qui tales sunt in Ecclesia, hi unam habent fidem, unum spiritum, et idcirco unum solum Deum adorant, solum hunc in spiritu et veritate colunt, hunc ex toto corde et omnibus viribus solum diligunt, solum per Christum mediatorem et intercessorem unicum invocant, extra Christum fidemque in ipsum nullam quærunt justitiam et vitam; quia Christum solum caput et fundamentum Ecclesiæ agnoscunt, ac super hoc impositi quotidie se poenitentia reparant, patientia impositam ipsis crucem ferunt, sed et caritate non ficta cum omnibus Christi membris connexi, hac se declarant discipulos esse Christi, perseverando in vinculo pacis atque unitatis sanctæ; simul et participant sacramentis a Christo institutis, et ab Apostolis traditis: neque his aliter utuntur, quam uti acceperunt a Domino. Notum est enim omnibus illud Apostoli: Ego enim accepi a Domino, quod et tradidi vobis (1 Cor. xi. 23). Proinde damnamus illas ecclesiæ, ut alienas a vera Christi Ecclesia, quæ tales non sunt, quales esse debere audivimus, utcunque interim jactent successionem episcoporum, unitatem, et antiquitatem. Quinimo præcipiunt nobis Apostoli, ut fugiamus idololatriam et Babylonem, et ne participemus cum hac, nisi et plagarum. Dei participes esse velimus (1 Cor. x. 14, 21; 1 Joh. v. 21; Apoc. xviii. 4; 1 Cor. vi. 9). | And those who are such in the Church have one faith and one spirit; and therefore they worship but one God, and him alone they worship in spirit and in truth, loving him alone with all their hearts and with all their strength, praying unto him alone through Jesus Christ, the only Mediator and Intercessor; and they do not seek righteousness and life outside Christ and faith in him. Because they acknowledge Christ the only head and foundation of the Church, and, resting on him, daily renew themselves by repentance, and patiently bear the cross laid upon them. Moreover, joined together with all the members of Christ by an unfeigned love, they show that they are Christ's disciples by persevering in the bond of peace and holy unity. At the same time they participate in the sacraments instituted by Christ, and delivered unto us by his apostles, using them in no other way than as they received them from the Lord. That saying of the apostle Paul is well known to all: "I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you" (I Cor. 11:23 ff.). Accordingly, we condemn all such churches as strangers from the true Church of Christ, which are not such as we have heard they ought to be, no matter how much they brag of a succession of bishops, of unity, and of antiquity. Moreover, we have a charge from the apostles of Christ "ti shun the worship of idols" (I Cor. 10:14; I John 5:21), and "to come out of Babylon," and to have no fellowship with her, unless we want to be partakers with her of all God's plagues (Rev. 18:4; II Cor. 6:17). |
| 13. Communionem vero cum Ecclesia Christi vera tanti facimus, ut negemus eos coram Deo vivere posse, qui cum vera Dei Ecclesia non communicant, sed ab ea se separant. Nam ut extra arcam Noë non erat ulla salus, pereunte mundo in diluvio, ita credimus, extra Christum, qui se electis in Ecclesia fruendum præbet, nullam esse salutem certam: et proinde docemus, vivere volentes non oportere separari a vera Christi Ecclesia. | But we esteem fellowship with the true Church of Christ so highly that we deny that those can live before God who do not stand in fellowship with the true Church of God, but separate themselves from it. For as there was no salvation outside Noah's ark when the world perished in flood; so we believe that there is no certain salvation outside Christ, who offers himself to be enjoyed by the elect in the Church; and hence we teach that those who wish to live ought not to be separated from the true Church of Christ. |
| 14. Signis tamen commemoratis non ita arcte includimus Ecclesiam, ut omnes illos extra Ecclesiam esse doceamus, qui vel sacramentis non participant, non quidem volentes, neque per contemtum, sed necessitate potius inevitabili coacti, nolentes ab iis abstinent, aut iis carent: vel in quibus aliquando deficit fides, non tamen penitus exstingnitur, aut prorsus desinit: vel in quibus infirmitatis vitia atque errores inveniuntur. Scimus enim, Deum aliquot habuisse in mundo amicos, extra Israelis rempublicam. Scimus, quid populo Dei evenerit in captivitate Babylonica, in qua sacrificiis suis caruerunt annis septuaginta; scimus, quid evenerit S. Petro negatori, et quid quotidie evenire soleat electis Dei fidelibus, errantibus et infirmis. Scimus præterea, quales Apostolorum temporibus fuerint Galatarum et Corinthiorum ecclesiæ, in quibus multa et gravia accusat Apostolus scelera, et tamen nuncupat easdem sanctas Christi ecclesiæ. | Nevertheless, by the signs [of the true Church] mentioned above, we do not so narrowly restrict the Church as to teach that all those are outside the Church who either do not participate in the sacraments, at least not willingly and through contempt, but rather, being forced by necessity, unwillingly abstain from them or are deprived of them; or in whom faith sometimes fails, though it is not entirely extinguished and does not wholly cease; or in whom imperfections and errors due to weakness are found. For we know that God had some friends in the world outside the commonwealth of Israel. We know what befell the people of God in the captivity of Babylon, where they were deprived of their sacrifices for seventy years. We know what happened to St. Peter, who denied his Master, and what is wont to happen daily to God's elect and faithful people who go astray and are weak. We know, moreover, what kind of churches the churches in Galatia and Corinth were in the apostles' time, in which the apostle found fault with many serious offenses; yet he calls them holy churches of Christ (I Cor. 1:2; Gal. 1:2). |
| 15. Quinimo fit aliquando, ut Deus justo judicio veritatem verbi sui, fidemque Catholicam, et cultum Dei legitimum sic obscurari et convelli sinat, ut prope videatur exstincta, et nulla amplius superesse Ecclesia: sicuti factum videmus Elise et aliis temporibus. Interim habet Deus in hoc mundo et in hisce tenebris suos illos veros adoratores, nec paucos, sed septem millia ac plures (1 Reg. xix. 18; Apoc. vii. 4, 9). Nam et Apostolus clamat: Solidum fundamentum Dei stat, habens signaculum hoc, novit Dominus, qui sunt sui! etc. (2 Tim. ii. 19). Unde et Ecclesia invisibilis appellari potest, non, quod homines sint invisibiles, ex quibus Ecclesia colligitur, sed quod oculis nostris absconsa, Deo autem soli nota, judicium humanum sæpe subterfugiat. | Yes, and it sometimes happens that God in his just judgment allows the truth of his Word, and the catholic faith, and the proper worship of God to be so obscured and overthrown that the Church seems almost extinct, and no more to exist, as we see to have happened in the days of Elijah (I Kings 19:10, 14), and at other times. Meanwhile God has in this world and in this darkness his true worshippers, and those not a few, but even seven thousand and more (I Kings 19:18; Rev. 7:3 ff.). For the apostle exclaims: "God's firm foundation stands, bearing this seal, `The Lord knows those who are his,' " etc. (II Tim. 2:19). Whence the Church of God may be termed invisible; not because the men from whom the Church is gathered are invisible, but because, being hidden from our eyes and known only to God, it often secretly escapes human judgment. |
| 16. Rursus non omnes, qui numerantur in Ecclesia, sancti et viva atque vera sunt ecclesiæ membra. Sunt enim hypocritæ multi, qui foris Verbum Dei audiunt, et sacramenta palam percipiunt, Deum quoque per Christum invocare solum, Christum confiteri, justitiam suam unicam, Deum item colere, et caritatis officia exercere, patientiaque in calamitatibus ad tempus perdurare videntur; sed intus vera Spiritus illuminatione, et fide animique sinceritate, et finali perseverantia destituuntur. Qui etiam, quales sint, tandem deteguntur fere. Joannes enim Apostolus: Exierunt ex nobis, inquit, sed non erant ex nobis. Nam si fuissent ex nobis, permansissent utique nobiscum (1 Joh. ii. 19). Et tamen, dum hi simulant pietatem, licet ex Ecclesia non sint, numerantur tamen in Ecclesia: sicuti proditores in republica, priusquam detegantur, numerantur et ipsi inter cives, et quemadmodum lolium vel zizania et palea inveniuntur in tritico, ant sicut strumæ et tumores inveniuntur in integro corpore, cum revera morbi et deformitates sint verius corporis, quam membra vera. Proinde Ecclesia Dei recte comparatur sagenæ, quæ omnis generis pisces attrahit, et agro, in quo inveniuntur et zizania et triticum. Ubi maxime cavere oportet, ne ante tempus judicemus, et excludere abjicereque, aut excindere conemur eos, quos Dominus excludi abjicique non vult, aut quos sine jactura Ecclesiæ separare non possumus. Rursus vigilandum est, ne, stertentibus piis, impii proficiendo damnum dent Ecclesiæ (Matt. xiii. 25). | Again, not all that are reckoned in the number of the Church are saints, and living and true members of the Church. For there are many hypocrites, who outwardly hear the Word of God, and publicly receive the sacraments, and seem to pray to God through Christ alone, to confess Christ to be their only righteousness, and to worship God, and to exercise the duties of charity, and for a time to endure with patience in misfortune. And yet they are inwardly destitute of true illumination of the Spirit, of faith and sincerity of heart, and of perseverance to the end. But eventually the character of these men, for the most part, will be disclosed. For the apostle John says: "They went out from us, but they were not of us; for if they had been of us, they would indeed have continued with us" (I John 2:19). And although while they simulate piety they are not of the Church, yet they are considered to be in the Church, just as traitors in a state are numbered among its citizens before they are discovered; and as the tares or darnel and chaff are found among the wheat, and as swellings and tumors are found in a sound body, And therefore the Church of God is rightly compared to a net which catches fish of all kinds, and to a field, in which both wheat and tares are found (Matt. 13:24 ff., 47 ff.). |
| 17. Observandum præterea diligenter docemus, in quo potissimum sit sita veritas et unitas Ecclesiæ, ne temere schismata excitemus, et in Ecclesia foveamus. Sita est illa non in cærimoniis et ritibus externis, sed magis in veritate et unitate fidei Catholicæ. Fides Catholica non est nobis tradita humanis legibus, sed Scriptura divina, en jus compendium est Symbolum Apostolicum. Unde legimus, apud veteres rituum fuisse diversitatem variam, sed eam liberam, qua nemo unquam existimavit dissolvi unitatem ecclesiasticam. In dogmatibus itaque et in vera concordique prædicatione Evangelii Christi, et in ritibus a Domino diserte traditis, dicimus veram Ecclesiæ constare concordiam; ubi illam maxime Apostoli sententiam urgemus. Quotquot itaque perfecti sumus, hoc sentiamus. Quod si quid aliter sentitis, hoc quoque vobis Deus revelabit. Attamen in eo, ad quod pervenimus, eadem incedamus regula, et itidem simus affecti (Phil. iii. 15,16). | Hence we must be very careful not to judge before the time, nor undertake to exclude, reject or cut off those whom the Lord does not want to have excluded or rejected, and those whom we cannot eliminate without loss to the Church. On the other hand, we must be vigilant lest while the pious snore the wicked gain ground and do harm to the Church. Furthermore, we diligently teach that care is to be taken wherein the truth and unity of the Church chiefly lies, lest we rashly provoke and foster schisms in the Church. Unity consists not in outward rites and ceremonies, but rather in the truth and unity of the catholic faith. The catholic faith is not given to us by human laws, but by Holy Scriptures, of which the Apostles' Creed is a compendium. And, therefore, we read in the ancient writers that there was a manifold diversity of rites, but that they were free, and no one ever thought that the unity of the Church was thereby dissolved. So we teach that the true harmony of the Church consists in doctrines and in the true and harmonious preaching of the Gospel of Christ, and in rites that have been expressly delivered by the Lord. And here we especially urge that saying of the apostle: "Let those of us who are perfect have this mind; and if in any thing you are otherwise minded, God will reveal that also to you. Nevertheless let us walk by the same rule according to what we have attained, and let us be of the same mind" (Phil. 3:15 f.). |
| CAP. XVIII. DE MINISTRIS ECCLESIÆ, IPSORUMQUE INSTITUTIONE ET OFFICIIS. | CHAPTER XVIII Of The Ministers of The Church, Their Institution and Duties |
| 1. Deus ad colligendam vel constituendam sibi Ecclesiam, eandemque gubernandam et conservandam, semper usus est ministris, iisque utitur adhuc, et utetur porro, quoad Ecclesia in terris fuerit. Ergo ministrorum origo, institutio et functio vetustissima et ipsius Dei, non nova aut hominum est ordinatio. Posset sane Deus sua potentia immediate sibi adjungere ex hominibus Ecclesiam, sed maluit agere cum hominibus per ministerium hominum. Proinde spectandi sunt ministri, non ut ministri duntaxat per se, sed sicut ministri Dei, utpote per quos Deus salutem hominum operatur. Unde cavendum monemus, ne ea, quæ sunt conversionis nostrae et institutionis, ita occultæ virtuti Spiritus Sanctum attribuamus, ut ministerium ecclesiasticum evacuemus. Nam convenit nos semper esse memores verborum Apostoli: Quomodo credent, de quo non audierunt? Quomodo autem audient absque prædicante? Ergo fides est ex auditu, auditus autem per Verbum Dei (Rom. x. 14, 17). Et quod Dominus dixit in Evangelio: Amen, amen, dico vobis, qui recipit, quemcunque misero, me recipit, qui autem me recipit, recipit eum, qui me misit (Joh. xiii. 20). Et quod vir Macedo per visionem Paulo in Asia agenti apparens, submonuit et dixit: Profectus in Macedoniam, sucurre nobis (Act. xvi. 9). Alibi enim idem Apostolus dixit: Dei sumus cooperarii, Dei agricolatio et ædificatio estis (1 Cor. iii. 9). | God has always used ministers for the gathering or establishing of a Church for himself, and for the governing and preservation of the same; and still he does, and always will, use them so long as the Church remains on earth. Therefore, the first beginning, institution, and office of ministers is a most ancient arrangement of God himself, and not a new one of men. It is true that God can, by his power, without any means join to himself a Church from among men; but he preferred to deal with men by the ministry of men. Therefore ministers are to be regarded, not as ministers by themselves alone, but as the ministers of God, inasmuch as God effects the salvation of men through them. Hence we warn men to beware lest we attribute what has to do with our conversion and instruction to the secret power of the Holy Spirit in such a way that we make void the ecclesiastical ministry. For it is fitting that we always have in mind the words of the apostle: "How are they to believe in him of whom they have not heard? And how are they to hear without a preacher? So faith comes from hearing, and hearing comes by the word of God" (Rom. 10: 14, 17). And also what the Lord said in the Gospel: "Truly, truly, I say to you, he who receives any one whom I send receives me; and he who receives me receives him who sent me" (John 13:20). Likewise a man of Macedonia, who appeared to Paul in a vision while he was in Asia, secretly admonished him, saying: "Come over to Macedonia and help us" (Acts 16:9). And in another place the same apostle said: "We are fellow workmen for God; you are God's tillage, God's building" (I Cor. 3:9). |
| 2. Rursus tamen et hoc cavendum est, ne ministris et ministerio nimium tribuamus, memores etiam hie verborum Domini, dicentis in Evangelio: Nemo venit ad me, nisi Pater meus traxerit eum (Joh. vi. 44), et verborum Apostoli: Quis igitur est Paulus? quis autem Apollo, nisi ministri, per quos credidistis, et ut cuique Dominus dedit? Ego plantavi, Apollo rigavit: sed Deus dedit incrementum. Itaque non qui plantat, est aliquid, neque qui rigat, sed qui dat incrementum Deus (1 Cor. iii. 57). Credamus ergo, Deum Verbo suo nos docere foris per ministros suos, intus autem commovere electorum suorum corda ad fidem per Spiritum Sanctum; ideoque omnem gloriam totius hujus beneficii referendam esse ad Deum. Sed ea de re dictum est et primo capite hujus expositionis. | Yet, on the other hand, we must beware that we do not attribute too much to ministers and the ministry; remembering here also the words of the Lord in the Gospel: "No one can come to me unless my Father draws him" (John 6:44), and the words of the apostle: "What then is Paul? What is Apollos? Servants through whom you believed, as the Lord assigned to each. I planted, Apollos watered, but only God gives the growth" (I Cor. 3:5 ff.). Therefore, let us believe that God teaches us by his word, outwardly through his ministers, and inwardly moves the hearts of his elect to faith by the Holy Spirit; and that therefore we ought to render all glory unto God for this whole favor. But this matter has been dealt with in the first chapter of this Exposition. |
| 3. Et quidem ab initio mundi usus est Deus omnium praætantissimis in mundo (simplicibus quidem pluribus in mundana sapientia vel philosophia, sed excellentissimis in vera theologia) hominibus, Patriarchis videlicet, cum quibus non raro collocutus est per angelos. Fuerunt enim Patriarchæ sui seculi Prophetæ sive Doctores, quos Deus hoc nomine aliquot voluit secula vivere, ut essent veluti Patres et lumina orbis. Secutus est illos Moses cum Prophetis per universum mundum celeberrimis. | And even from the beginning of the world God has used the most excellent men in the whole world (even if many of them were simple in worldly wisdom or philosophy, but were outstanding in true theology), namely, the patriarchs, with whom he frequently spike by angels. For the patriarchs were the prophets or teachers of their age whom God for this reason wanted to live for several centuries, in order that they might be, as it were, fathers and lights of the world. They were followed by Moses and the prophets renowned throughout all the world. |
| 4. Quid quod post hos misit Pater coelestis Filium suum unigenitum, doctorem mundi absolutissimum, in quo est abscondita divina illa sapientia, et in nos derivata, per sacratissimam simplicissimamque et omnium perfectissimam doctrinam. Allegit enim ille sibi discipulos, quos fecit Apostolos. Hi vero exeuntes in mundum universum collegerunt ubique ecclesias per prædicationem Evangelii, deinde vero per omnes mundi ecclesias ordinarunt pastores atque doctores, ex præcepto Christi, per quorum successores hucusque Ecclesiam docuit ac gubernavit. Itaque ut Deus veteri populo dedit Patriarchas una cum Mose et Prophetis: ita novi testamenti populo misit suum unigenitum Filium una cum Apostolis et doctoribus ecclesiæ. | After these the heavenly Father even sent his only-begotten Son, the most perfect teacher of the world; in whom is hidden the wisdom of God, and which has come to us through the most holy, simple, and most perfect doctrine of all. For he chose disciples for himself whom he made apostles. These went out into the whole world, and everywhere gathered together churches by the preaching of the Gospel, and then throughout all the churches in the world they appointed pastors or teachers according to Christ's command; through their successors he has taught and governed the Church unto this day. Therefore, as God gave unto his ancient people the patriarchs, together with Moses and the prophets, so also to his people of the New Testament he sent his only-begotten Son, and, with him, the apostles and teachers of the Church. |
| 5. Porro ministri novi populi variis nuncupantur appellationibus. Dicuntur enim Apostoli, Prophetæ, Evangelistæ, Episcopi, Presbyteri, Pastores atque Doctores (1 Cor. xii. 3; Eph. iv. 11). Apostoli nullo certo consistebant loco, sed per orbem varias colligebant ecclesias. Quæ, ubi jam constitutæ erant, desierunt esse Apostoli, ac subierunt quique in sua ecclesia in locum istorum pastores. Prophetæ quondam, præscii futurorum, vates erant: sed et Scripturas interpretabantur, quales etiam hodie adhuc inveniuntur. Evangelistæ appellabantur scriptores Evangelicæ historiæ, sed et præcones Evangelii Christi; quomodo et Paulus Timotheum jubet implere opus Evangelistæ. Episcopi vero sunt inspectores vigilesque Ecclesiæ, qui victum et necessaria ecclesiæ dispensant. Presbyteri sunt seniores, et quasi senatores patresque Ecclesiæ, gubernantes ipsam consilio salubri. Pastores ovile Domini et custodiunt, et ei de rebus prospiciunt necessariis. Doctores erudiunt, et veram fidem pietatemque docent. Licebit ergo nunc ecclesiarum ministros nuncupare Episcopos, Presbyteros, Pastores atque Doctores. | Furthermore, the ministers of the new people are called by various names. For they are called apostles, prophets, evangelists, bishops, elders, pastors, and teachers (I Cor. 12:28; Eph. 4:11). The apostles did not stay in any particular place, but throughout the world gathered together different churches. When they were once established, there ceased to be apostles, and pastors took their place, each in his church. In former times the prophets were seers, knowing the future; but they also interpreted the Scriptures. Such men are also found still today. The writers of the history of the Gospel were called Evangelists; but they also were heralds of the Gospel of Christ; as Paul also commended Timothy: "Do the work of an evangelist" (II Tim. 4:5). Bishops are the overseers and watchmen of the Church, who administer the food and needs of the life of the Church. The presbyters are the elders and, as it were, senators and fathers of the Church, governing it with wholesome counsel. The pastors both keep the Lord's sheepfold, and also provide for its needs. The teachers instruct and teach the true faith and godliness. Therefore, the ministers of the churches may now be called bishops, elders, pastors, and teachers. |
| 6. Subsequentibus porro temporibus, multo plures in Ecclesiam Dei inductæ sunt nuncupationes ministrorum in Ecclesia. Alii enim ordinati sunt Patriarchæ, alii Archiepiscopi, alii Suffraganei, item Metropolitani, Archipresbyteri, Diaconi quoque, Subdiaconi, Acoluthi, Exorcistæ, Cantores, Janitores, et nescio, qui alii, ut Cardinales, Præpositi, et Priores, Patres minores et majores, ordines majores et minores. At de his omnibus nihil sumus nos soliciti, quales olim fuerint, aut nunc sint. Sufficit nobis Apostolica de ministris doctrina. | Then in subsequent times many more names of ministers in the Church were introduced into the Church of God. For some were appointed patriarchs, others archbishops, others suffragans; also, metropolitans, archdeacons, deacons, subdeacons, acolytes, exorcists, cantors, porters, and I know not what others, as cardinals, provosts, and priors; greater and lesser fathers, greater and lesser orders. But we are not troubled about all these about how they once were and are now. For us the apostolic doctrine concerning ministers is sufficient. |
| 7. Ita cum sciamus certo, monachos et monachorum ordines vel sectas neque a Christo, neque ab Apostolis esse institutas; docemus, nihil eas ecclesiæ Dei utiles esse, imo perniciosas. Tametsi enim quondam (cum essent solitarii, et manibus sibi victum quærerent, nec ullis essent oneri, sed pastoribus ecclesiarum ubique parerent, ut laici) fuerint tolerabiles, tamen nunc, quales sint, videt et sentit universus orbis. Prætexunt nescio quæ vota et vivunt votis suis vitam prorsus contrariam: ut prorsus optimi eorum inter eos numerari mereantur, de quibus dixit Apostolus: Audimus quosdam versantes inter vos inordinate, nihil operis facientes, sed curiose agentes. Tales ergo nos in nostris ecclesiis nec habemus, nec in ecclesiis Christi habendos esse docemus (2 Thess. iii. 11, 12). | Since we assuredly know that monks, and the orders or sects of monks, are instituted neither by Christ nor by the apostles, we teach that they are of no use to the Church of God, nay rather, are pernicious. For, although in former times they were tolerable (when they were hermits, earning their living with their own hands, and were not a burden to anyone, but like the laity were everywhere obedient to the pastors of the churches), yet now the whole world sees and knows what they are like. They formulate I know not what vows; but they lead a life quite contrary to their vows, so that the best of them deserves to be numbered among those of whom the apostle said: "We hear that some of you are living an irregular life, mere busybodies, not doing any work" etc. (II Thess. 3:11). Therefore, we neither have such in our churches, nor do we teach that they should be in the churches of Christ. |
| 8. Nemo autem honorem ministerii ecclesiastici usurpare sibi, id est, ad se largitionibus, aut ullis artibus, aut arbitrio proprio, rapere debet. Vocentur et eligantur electione ecclesiastica et legitima ministri ecclesiæ: id est, eligantur religiose ab Ecclesia, vel ad hoc deputatis ab Ecclesia, ordine justo, et absque turba, seditionibus et contentione. Eligantur autem non quilibet, sed homines idonei, eruditione justa et sacra, eloquentia pia, prudentiaque simplici, denique moderatione et honestate vitæ insignes, juxta canonem Apostolicum, qui ab Apostolo contexitur in 1 ad Tim. iii. et ad Tit. i. Et qui electi sunt, ordinentur a senioribus cum orationibus publicis, et impositione manuum. Damnamus hic omnes, qui sua sponte currunt, cum non sint electi, missi, vel ordinati (Jer. xxiii. 32). Damnamus ministros ineptos, et non instructos donis pastori necessariis. | Furthermore, no man ought to usurp the honor of the ecclesiastical ministry; that is, to seize it for himself by bribery or any deceits, or by his own free choice. But let the ministers of the Church be called and chosen by lawful and ecclesiastical election; that is to say, let them be carefully chosen by the Church or by those delegated from the Church for that purpose in a proper order without any uproar, dissension and rivalry. Not any one may be elected, but capable men distinguished by sufficient consecrated learning, pious eloquence, simple wisdom, lastly, by moderation and an honorable reputation, according to that apostolic rule which is compiled by the apostle in I Tim., ch. 3, and Titus, ch. 1. And those who are elected are to be ordained by the elders with public prayer and laying on of hands. Here we condemn all those who go off of their own accord, being nether chosen, sent, nor ordained (Jer., ch. 23). We condemn unfit ministers and those not furnished with the necessary gifts of a pastor. |
| 9. Interim agnoscimus, quorundam in veteri Ecclesia pastorum simplicitatem innocuam plus aliquando profuisse ecclesiæ, quam quorundam eruditionem variam, exquisitam, delicatamque, sed paulo fastnosiorem. Unde ne hodie quidem rejicimus simplicitatem quorundam probam, nec tamen omnino imperitam. | In the meantime we acknowledge that the harmless simplicity of some pastors in the primitive Church sometimes profited the Church more than the many-sided, refined and fastidious, but a little too esoteric learning of others. For this reason we do not reject even today the honest, yet by no means ignorant, simplicity of some. |
| 10. Nuncupant sane Apostoli Christi omnes in Christum credentes sacerdotes, sed non ratione ministerii, sed quod per Christum omnes fideles facti reges et sacerdotes, offerre possumus spirituales Deo hostias (Exod. xix. 6; 1 Pet. ii. 9; Apoc. i. 6). Diversissima ergo inter se sunt sacerdotium et ministerium. Illud enim commune est Christianis omnibus, ut modo diximus, hoc non item. Nec e medio sustulimus ecclesiæ ministerium, quando repudiavimus ex Ecclesia Christi sacerdotium papisticum. | To be sure, Christ's apostles call all who believe in Christ "priests," but not on account of an office, but because, all the faithful having been made kings and priests, we are able to offer up a spiritual sacrifices to God through Christ (Ex. 19:6; I Peter 2:9; Rev. 1:6). Therefore, the priesthood and the ministry are very different from one another. For the priesthood, as we have just said, is common to all Christians; not so is the ministry. Nor have we abolished the ministry of the Church because we have repudiated the papal priesthood from the Church of Christ. |
| 11. Equidem in Novo Testamento Christi non est amplius tale sacerdotium, quale fuit in populo veteri, quod unctionem habuit externam, vestes sacras et cærimonias plurimas: quæ typi fuerunt Christi, qui illa omnia veniens et adimplens abrogavit. Manet autem ipse solus sacerdos in æternum (Ebr. v. 6); cui ne quid derogemus, nemini inter ministros sacerdotis vocabulum communicamus. Ipse enim Dominus noster non ordinavit ullos in Ecclesia Novi Testamenti sacerdotes, qui accepta potestate a suffraganeo, offerant quotidie hostiam, ipsam inquam carnem et ipsum sanguinem Domini pro vivis et mortuis, sed qui doceant et sacramenta administrent. Paulus enim simpliciter et breviter, quid sentiamus de Novi Testamenti vel de Ecclesiæ Christianæ ministris, et quid eis tribuamus, exponens: Sic nos æstimet homo, inquit, ut ministros Christi, et dispensatores mysteriorum Dei (1 Cor. iv. 1). Proinde vult Apostolus, ut de ministris sentiamus, tanquam de ministris. ?p???ta? vero nuncupavit Apostolus subremigatores, qui ad nauclerum unice respiciunt, vel homines non sibi, nec suo arbitrio, sed aliis viventes, Dominis inquam suis, a quorum mandatis omnino dependent. Nam minister Ecclesiæ totus et in omnibus suis officiis non suo arbitrio indulgere, sed illud duntaxat exsequi jubetur, quod in mandatis habet a suo Domino. Et in præsenti, quis sit Dominus, exprimitur, Christus, cui in omnibus ministerii negotiis sunt mancipati ministri. | Surely in the new covenant of Christ there is no longer any such priesthood as was under the ancient people; which had an external anointing, holy garments, and very many ceremonies which were types of Christ, who abolished them all by this coming and fulfilling them. But he himself remains the only priest forever, and lest we derogate anything form him, we do not impart the name of priest to any minister. For the Lord himself did not appoint any priests in the Church of the New Testament who, having received authority from the suffragan, may daily offer up the sacrifice that is, the very flesh and blood of the Lord, for the living and the dead, but ministers who may teach and administer the sacraments. Paul explains simply and briefly what we are to think of the ministers of the New Testament or of the Christian Church, and what we are to attribute to them. "This is how one should regard us, as servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God" II Cor. 4:1). Therefore, the apostle wants us to think of ministers as ministers. Now the apostle calls them rowers, who have their eyes fixed on the coxswain, and so men who do not live for themselves or according to their own will, but for others--namely, their masters, upon whose command they altogether depend. For in all his duties every minister of the Church is commanded to carry out only what he has received in commandment from his Lord, and not to indulge his own free choice. And in this case it is expressly declared who is the Lord, namely, Christ; to whom the ministers are subject in all the affairs of the ministry. |
| 12. Adjicit præterea, quo ministerium plenius explanet, ministros Ecclesiæ oeconomos esse vel dispensatores mysteriorum Dei. Mysteria vero Dei multis in locis, imprimis ad Eph. iii. 3 appellavit Paulus Evangelium Christi. Mysteria nuncupavit etiam vetustas Christi sacramenta. Proinde in hoc sunt vocati ministri Ecclesiæ, ut Evangelium Christi adnuncient fidelibus, et sacramenta administrent. Alibi enim legimis in Evangelio de fideli servo et prudente, quod eum Dominus constituit super familiam suam, ut tempore opportuno det ei cibum suum (Luc. xii. 42). Rursus proficiscitur alibi in Evangelio peregre homo, relinquens domum, et in hac dat servis suis potestatem vel substantiam suam, et suum cuique opus (Matt. xxv. 14 sqq.). | Moreover, to the end that he might expound the ministry more fully, the apostle adds that ministers of the Church are administrators and stewards of the mysteries of God. Now in may passages, especially in Eph., ch. 3, Paul called the mysteries of God the Gospel of Christ. And the sacraments of Christ are also called mysteries by the ancient writers. Therefore for this purpose are the ministers of the Church called--namely, to preach the Gospel of Christ to the faithful, and to administer the sacraments. We read, also, in another place in the Gospel, of "the faithful and wise steward," whom "his master will set over his household, to give them their portion of food at the proper time" (Luke 12:42). Again, elsewhere in the Gospel a man takes a journey in a foreign country and, leaving his house, gives his substance and authority over it to his servants, and to each his work. |
| 13. Nunc ergo commode dicemus etiam quædam de potestate et officio ministrorum Ecclesiæ. De potestate hac operosius quidam disputarunt, subdideruntque suæ potestati omnia in terris summa, idque contra mandatum Domini, qui suis dominium prohibuit, humilitatem autem maximopere commendavit (Luc. xxii. 25; Matt. xviii. 1 sqq.; xx. 25). Revera alia quidem potestas est mera et absoluta, quæ et juris vocatur. Ea potestate Christo Domino universorum subjecta sunt omnia: sicuti ipse testatus est et dixit: Data est mihi potestas in coelo et in terra (Matt. xxviii. 18). Et iterum: Ego sum primus et novissimus, ecce sum vivens in sæcula sæculorum, et habeo claves inferni et mortis (Apoc. i. 17, 18). Item: Ipse habet clavem David, qui aperit, et nemo claudit, claudit, et nemo aperit (Apoc. iii. 7). | Now, therefore, it is fitting that we also say something about the power and duty of the ministers of the Church. Concerning this power some have argued industriously, and to it have subjected everything on earth, even the greatest things, and they have done so contrary to the commandment of the Lord who has prohibited dominion for this disciples and has highly commended humility (Luke 22:24 ff.; Matt. 18:3 f.; 20:25 ff.). There is, indeed, another power that is pure and absolute, which is called the power of right. According to this power all things in the whole world are subject to Christ, who is Lord of all, as he himself has testified when he said: "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me" (Matt. 28:18), and again, "I am the first and the last, and behold I am alive for evermore, and I have the keys of Hades and Death" (Rev. 1:18); also, "He has the key of David, which opens and no one shall shut, who shuts and no one opens" (Rev. 3:7). |
| 14. Hanc potestatem sibi servat Dominus, nec in alium quemquam transfert, ut ipse deinceps otiosus adsistat, operantibus ministris spectator. Jesaias enim: Clavem domus David, inquit, ponam super humerum ejus (Jes. xxii. 22), et iterum: Cujus imperium erit super humerum ejus (Jer. ix. 6). Nam gubernationem non injicit aliis in suos humeros, sed servat et utitur adhuc potestate sua, gubernans omnia. Alia porro potestas est officii vel ministerialis, limitata ab eo, qui plena utitur potestate. Ea ministerio, quam imperio similior est. Concedit enim Dominus aliquis oeconomo suo potestatem in domum suam, quo nomine et claves dat, quibus intromittat in domum, vel ex domo excludat, quos Dominus vel intromitti vult, vel excludi. Juxta hanc potestatem facit minister ex officio, quod a Domino jussus est facere: et Dominus ratum habet, quod facit, ipsumque ministri sui factum, perinde ut suum vult æstimari atque agnosci. | This power the Lord reserves to himself, and does not transfer it to any other, so that he might stand idly by as a spectator while his ministers work. For Isaiah says, "I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David" (Isa. 22:22), and again, "The government will be upon his shoulders, but still keeps and uses his own power, governing all things. Then there is another power of an office or of ministry limited by him who has full and absolute power. And this is more like a service than a dominion. For a lord gives up his power to the steward in his house, and for that cause gives him the keys, that he may admit into or exclude from the house those whom his lord will have admitted or excluded. In virtue of this power the minister, because of his office, does that which the Lord has commanded him to do; and the Lord confirms what he does, and wills that what his servant has done will be so regarded and acknowledges, as if he himself had done it. |
| 15. Quo nimirum pertinent illæ Evangelicæ sententiæ: Dabo tibi claves regni coelorum, et, quicquid adligaveris aut solveris in terra, adligatum aut solutum erit in cælis (Matt. xvi. 19). Item: Quorumcunque remiseritis peccata, remittentur eis, et quorumcunque retinueritis peccata, retenta erunt (Joh. xx. 23). Nisi vero minister res omnes ita expediverit, sicut jussus est a Domino suo, sed limites fidei transilieret, sane irritum habetur a Domino, quod fecit. Proinde potestas ecclesiastica ministrorum Ecclesiæ est functio illa, qua ministri Ecclesiam Dei gubernant quidem, verum omnia in Ecclesia sic faciunt, quemadmodum verbo suo præscripsit Dominus: quæ cum facta sunt, fideles tanquam ab ipso Domino facta reputant. Et de clavibus antea quoque dictum est nonihil. | Undoubtedly, it is to this that these evangelical sentences refer: "I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven" (Matt. 16:19). Again, "If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained" (John 20:23). But if the minister does not carry out everything as the Lord has commanded him, but transgresses the bounds of faith, then the Lord certainly makes void what he has done. Wherefore the ecclesiastical power of the ministers of the Church is that function whereby they indeed govern the Church of God, but yet se do all things in the Church as the Lord has prescribed in his Word. When those things are done, the faithful esteem them as done by the Lord himself. But mention has already been made of the keys above. |
| 16. Data est autem omnibus in Ecclesia ministris una et æqualis potestas sive functio. Certe ab initio Episcopi vel Presbyteri Ecclesiam communi opera gubernaverunt; nullus alteri se prætulit, aut sibi ampliorem potestatem dominiumve in coëpiscopos usurpavit. Memores enim verborum Domini: Qui voluerit inter vos primus esse, sit vester servus (Luc. xxii. 26); continuerunt se in humilitate, et mutuis officiis juverunt se invicem in gubernanda et conservanda Ecclesia. Interea propter ordinem servandum, unus aut certus aliquis ministrorum coetum convocavit, et in coetu res consultandas proposuit, sententias item aliorum collegit, denique, ne qua oriretur confusio, pro virili cavit. | Now the one and an equal power or function is given to all ministers in the Church. Certainly, in the beginning, the bishops or presbyters governed the Church in common; no man lifted up himself above another, none usurped greater power or authority over his fellow-bishops. For remembering the words of the Lord: "Let the leader among you become as one who serves" (Luke 22:26), they kept themselves in humility, and by mutual services they helped one another in the governing and preserving of the Church. Nevertheless, for the sake of preserving order some one of the ministers called the assembly together, proposed matters to be laid before it, gathered the opinions of the others, in short, to the best of man's ability took precaution lest any confusion should arise. |
| 17. Sic legitur fecisse in Actis App. S. Petrus, qui tamen ideo nec aliis fuit præpositus, nec potestate majore ceteris præditus. Rectissime enim Cyprianus, martyr, de simplicitate clericorum: Hoc erant utique, inquit, et ceteri Apostoli, quod fuit Petrus, pari consortio præditi et honoris et potestatis; sed exordium ab initate proficiscitur, ut Ecclesia una monstretur. Refert item S. Hieronymus non disparia in Comment, ad Ep. ad Tit. Pauli, et dicit: Antequam diaboli instinctu studia in religione fierent, communi Presbyterorum consilio Ecclesiæ gubernabantur, postquam vero unusquisque eos, quos baptizaverat, suos putabat, non Christi, decretum est, ut unus de Presbyteris electus superponeretur ceteris, ad quem omnis ecclesiæ cura pertineret, et schismatum semina tollerentur. Hoc tamen decretum Hieronymus non pro divino venditat. Mox enim subjicit: Sicut Presbyteri sciunt, se ex ecclesiæ consuetudine, ei, qui sibi præpositus fuerit, esse subjectos: ita Episcopi noverint, se magis consuetudine, quam dispositionis Dominicæ veritate, Presbyteris esse majores, et in commune debere Ecclesiam regere. Hæc ille. Ideoque nemo jure prohibuerit ad veterem Ecclesiæ Dei constitutionem redire, et illam præ humana consuetudine recipere. | Thus did St. Peter, as we read in The Acts of the Apostles, who nevertheless was not on that account preferred to the others, nor endowed with greater authority than the rest. Rightly then does Cyprian the Martyr say, in his De Simplicitate Clericorum: "The other apostles were assuredly what Peter was, endowed with a like fellowship of honor and power; but [his] primacy proceeds from unity in order that the Church may be shown to be one." St. Jerome also in his commentary upon The Epistle of Paul to Titus, says something not unlike this: "Before attachment to persons in religion was begun at the instigation of the devil, the churches were governed by the common consultation of the elders; but after every one thought that those whom he had baptized were his own, and not Christ's, it was decreed that one of the elders should be chosen, and set over the rest, upon whom should fall the care of the whole Church, and all schismatic seeds should be removed." Yet St. Jerome does not recommend this decree as divine; for he immediately adds: "As the elders knew from the custom of the Church that they were subject to him who was set over them, so the bishops knew that they were subject to him who was set over them, so the bishops knew that they were above the elders, more from custom than from the truth of an arrangement by the Lord, and that they ought to rule the Church in common with them." Thus far St. Jerome. Hence no one can rightly forbid a return to the ancient constitution of the Church of God, and to have recourse to it before human custom. |
| 18. Officia ministrorum sunt varia, quæ tamen plerique ad duo restringunt, in quibus omnia alia comprehenduntur, ad doctrinam Christi Evangelicam, et ad legitimam sacramentorum administrationem. Ministrorum enim est congregare coetum sacrum, in hoc exponere Verbum Dei, et universam doctrinam accommodare ad rationem usumque Ecclesiæ, ut ea, quæ docentur, prosint auditoribus, et ædificent fideles. Ministrorum, inquam, est, docere imperitos, hortari item, et urgere ad progrediendum in via Domini cessantes, aut etiam tardius procedentes, consolari item et confirmare pusillanimes, munireque contra Satanæ tentationes varias, corripere peccantes, revocare in viam errantes, lapsos erigere, contradicentes revincere, lupos denique ab ovili Dominico abigere, scelera item et sceleratos prudenter et graviter increpare, neque connivere aut tacere ad conscelerationem: sed et sacramenta administrare, usumque eorum justum commendare, et omnes ad illa percipienda per sanam doctrinam præparare, in unitate quoque sancta fideles conservare, et schismata prohibere, denique catechisare rudes, pauperum necessitatem commendare ecclesiæ, ægrotantes et variis impexos tentationibus visitare, instruere, et in via vitæ retinere: præterea orationes publicas, vel supplicationes necessitatis tempore, una cum jejunio, id est, abstinentia sancta procurare; et omnia quæ pertinent ad ecclesiarum tranquillitatem, pacem et salutem, quam diligentissime curare. | The duties of ministers are various; yet for the most part they are restricted to two, in which all the rest are comprehended: to the teaching of the Gospel of Christ, and to the proper administration of the sacraments. For it is the duty of the ministers to gather together an assembly for worship in which to expound God's Word and to apply the whole doctrine to the care and use of the Church, so that what is taught may benefit the hearers and edify the faithful It falls to ministers, I say, to teach the ignorant, and to exhort; and to urge the idlers and lingerers to make progress in the way of the Lord. Moreover, they are to comfort and to strengthen the fainthearted, and to arm them against the manifold temptations of Satan; to rebuke offenders; to recall the erring into the way; to raise the fallen; to convince the gainsayers to drive the wolf away from the sheepfold of the Lord; to rebuke wickedness and wicked men wisely and severely; no to wink at nor to pass over great wickedness. And, besides, they are to administer the sacraments, and to commend the right use of them, and to prepare all men by wholesome doctrine to receive them; to preserve the faithful in a holy unity; and to check schisms; to catechize the unlearned, to commend the needs of the poor to the Church, to visit, instruct, and keep in the way of life the sick and those afflicted with various temptations. In addition, they are to attend to public prayers of supplications in times of need, together with common fasting, that is, a holy abstinence; and as diligently as possible to see to everything that pertains to the tranquility, peace and welfare of the churches. |
| 19. Ut autem hæc omnia rectius faciliusque possit minister præstare, requiritur ab eo imprimis, ut sit Dei timens, oret sedulo, lectioni sacræ intendat, et in omnibus et semper vigilet, et puritate vitæ omnibus præluceat. | But in order that the minister may perform all these things better and more easily, it is especially required of him that he fear God, be constant in prayer, attend to spiritual reading, and in all things and at all times be watchful, and by a purity of life to let his light to shine before all men. |
| 20. Cumque omnino oporteat esse in Ecclesia disciplinam, et apud veteres quondam usitata fuerit excommunicatio, fuerintque judicia ecclesiastica in populo Dei, in quibus per viros prudentes et pios exercebatur hæc disciplina, ministrorum quoque fuerit, ad ædificationem, disciplinam moderari hanc, pro conditione temporum, status publici, ac necessitate. Ubi semper tenenda est regula, omnia fieri debere ad ædificationem, decenter, honeste, sine tyrannide et seditione. Apostolus enim testatur: Sibi a Deo traditam esse in Ecclesia potestatem ad ædificationem et non ad destructionem (2 Cor. x. 8). Nam ipsemet Dominus vetuit, lolium in agro Dominico eradicari, quando periculum sit, ne et triticum evellatur (Matt. xiii. 29). | And since discipline is an absolute necessity in the Church and excommunication was once used in the time of the early fathers, and there were ecclesiastical judgments among the people of God, wherein this discipline was exercised by wise and godly men, it also falls to ministers to regulate this discipline for edification, according to the circumstances of the time, public state, and necessity. At all times and in all places the tule is to be observed that everything is to be done for edification, decently and honorably, without oppression and strife. For the apostle testifies that authority in the Church was given to him by the Lord for building up and not for destroying (II Cor. 10:8). And the Lord himself forbade the weeds to be plucked up in the Lord's field, because there would be danger lest the wheat also be plucked up with it (Matt. 13:29 f.). |
| 21. Ceterum exsecramur in præsenti Donatistarum errorem, qui doctrinam et administrationem sacramentorum, vel efficacem vel inefficacem, ex mala vel bona ministrorum vita æstimant. Scimus enim, vocem Christi audiendam esse vel ex malorum ministrorum ore. Quando ipse Dominus dixit: Quæ dicunt, facite, secundum opera autem eorum nolite facere (Matt. xxiii. 3). Scimus, sacramenta ex institutione et per Verbum Christi sanctificari, et efficacia esse piis, tametsi offerantur ab indignis ministris. De qua re ex Scripturis multa contra Donatistas disputavit beatus Dei servus Augustinus. | Moreover, we strongly detest the error of the Donatists who esteem the doctrine and administration of the sacraments to be either effectual or not effectual, according to the good or evil life of the ministers. For we know that the voice of Christ is to be heard, though it be out of the mouths of evil ministers; because the Lord himself said: "Practice and observe whatever they tell you, but not what they do" (Matt. 23:3). We know that the sacraments are sanctified by the institution and the word of Christ, and that they are effectual to the godly, although they be administered by unworthy ministers. Concerning this matter, Augustine, the blessed servant of God, many times argued from the Scriptures against the Donatists. |
| 22. Atqui debet interim justa esse inter ministros disciplina. Inquirendum enim diligenter in doctrinam et vitam ministrorum, in synodis. Corripiendi sunt peccantes a senioribus, et in viam reducendi, si sunt sanabiles, aut deponendi, et velut lupi abigendi sunt per veros Pastores a grege Dominico, si sunt incurabiles. Si enim sint pseudodoctores, minime ferendi sunt. Neque vero et oecumenica improbamus concilia, si ad exemplum celebrentur Apostolicum, ad Ecclesiæ salutem, non perniciem. | Nevertheless, there ought to be proper discipline among ministers. In synods the doctrine and life of ministers is to be carefully examined. Offenders who can be cured are to be rebuked by the elders and restored to the right way, and if they are incurable, they are to be deposed, and like wolves driven away from he flock of the Lord by the true shepherds. For, if they be false teachers, they are not to be tolerated at all. Neither do we disapprove of ecumenical councils, if they are convened according to the example of the apostles, for the welfare of the Church and not for its destruction. |
| 23. Ministri quoque fideles omnes, ut boni operarii, mercede sua digni sunt, nec peccant, quando stipendium omniaque interim necessaria pro se et sua familia accipiunt. Nam Apostolus ostendit, hæc jure dari ab Ecclesia, et accipi a ministris, in 1 ad Cor. ix. et 1 ad Tim. v. et alibi quoque. Confutati sunt autem Apostolica doctrina et Anabaptistæ, qui ministros ex ministerio suo viventes damnant, et conviciis proscindunt. | All faithful ministers, as good workmen, are also worthy of their reward, and do not sin when they receive a stipend, and all things that be necessary for themselves and their family. For the apostle shows in I Cor., ch. 9, and in I Tim., ch. 5, and elsewhere that these things may rightly be given by the Church and received by ministers. The Anabaptists, who condemn and defame ministers who live from their ministry are also refuted by the apostolic teaching. |
| CAP. XIX. DE SACRAMENTIS ECCLESIÆ CHRISTI. | CHAPTER XIX Of the Sacraments of the Church of Christ |
| 1. Prædicationi verbi sui adjunxit Deus mox ab initio, in Ecclesia sua, sacramenta vel signa sacramentalia. Ita enim clare testatur universa Scriptura sacra. Sunt autem sacramenta symbola mystica, vel ritus sancti aut sacræ actiones, a Deo ipso institutæ, constantes verbo suo, signis, et rebus significatis, quibus in Ecclesia summa sua beneficia, homini exhibita, retinet in memoria, et subinde renovat, quibus item promissiones suas obsignat, et quæ ipse nobis interius præstat, exterius repræsentat, ac veluti oculis contemplanda subjicit, adeoque fidem nostram, Spiritu Dei in cordibus nostris operante, roborat et auget: quibus denique nos ab omnibus aliis populis et religionibus separat, sibique soli consecrat et obligat, et quid a nobis requirat, significat. | From the beginning, God added to the preaching of his Word in his Church sacraments or sacramental signs. For thus does all Holy Scripture clearly testify. Sacraments are mystical symbols, or holy rites, or sacred actions, instituted by God himself, consisting of his Word, of signs and of things signified, whereby in the Church he keeps in mind and from time to time recalls the great benefits he has shown to men; whereby also he seals his promises, and outwardly represents, and, as it were, offers unto our sight those things which inwardly he performs for us, and so strengthens and increases our faith through the working of God's Spirit in our hearts. Lastly, he thereby distinguishes us from all other people and religions, and consecrates and binds us wholly to himself, and signifies what he requires of us. |
| 2. Et sunt quidem alia veteris, alia novi populi sacramenta. Veteris populi sacramenta fuerunt circumcisio, et agnus paschalis, qui immolabatur: quo nomine ad sacrificia refertur, quæ fuerunt celebrata ab origine mundi. Novi populi sacramenta sunt baptismus, et coena Dominica. Sunt, qui septem sacramenta novi populi numerent. Ex quibus nos poenitentiam, ordinationem ministrorum, non papisticam quidem illam, sed Apostolicam, et matrimonium agnoscimus instituta esse Dei utilia, sed non sacramenta. Confirmatio et extrema unctio inventa sunt hominum, quibus nullo cum damno carere potest Ecclesia. Neque illa nos in nostris ecclesiis habemus. Nam habent illa quædam, quæ minime probare possumus. Nundinationem omnem, quam exercent Romanenses in dispensatione sacramentorum, omnino execramur. | Some sacraments are of the old, others of the new, people. The sacraments of the ancient people were circumcision, and the Paschal Lamb, which was offered up; for that reason it is referred to the sacrifices which were practiced from the beginning of the world. The sacraments of the new people are Baptism and the Lord's Supper. There are some who count seven sacraments of the new people. Of these we acknowledge that repentance. the ordination of ministers (not indeed the papal but apostolic ordination), and matrimony are profitable ordinances of God, but not sacraments. Confirmation and extreme unction are human inventions which the Church can dispense with without any loss, and indeed, we do not have them in our churches. For they contain some things of which we can by no means approve. Above all we detest all the trafficking in which the Papists engage in dispensing the sacraments. |
| 3. Auctor autem sacramentorum omnium non est homo ullus, sed Deus solus. Homines sacramenta instituere non possunt. Nam pertinent illa ad cultum Dei. At hominum non est, instituere et formare cultum Dei; sed traditum a Deo recipere et custodire. Præterea habent symbola promissiones adjunctas, quæ requirunt fidem. Fides autem solo Dei Verbo innititur. Et Verbum Dei habetur instar tabularum vel literarum, sacramenta vero instar sigillorum: quæ literis Deus adpendit solus. Et ut Deus sacramentorum auctor est, ita perpetuo operatur in Ecclesia, in qua rite peraguntur sacramenta: adeo ut fideles, cum a ministris sacramenta percipiunt, agnoscant, operari Deum in suo instituto, ideoque sacramenta perinde, ac ex ipsius Dei manu percipere, et ipsis ministri vitium (si quod insigne ipsi insit) non obesse, quando agnoscant, sacramentorum integritatem dependere ab institutione Domini. Unde etiam discriminant aperte in administratione sacramentorum inter Dominum ipsum, et Domini ministrum, confitentes, sacramentorum res dari ab ipso Domino, symbola autem a Domini ministris. | The author of all sacraments is not any man, but God alone. Men cannot institute sacraments. For they pertain to the worship of God, and it is not for man to appoint and prescribe a worship of God, but to accept and preserve the one he has received from God. Besides, the symbols have God's promises annexed to them, which require faith. Now faith rests only upon the Word of God; and the Word of God is like papers or letters, and the sacraments are like seals which only God appends to the letters. And as God is the author of the sacraments, so he continually works in the Church in which they are rightly carried out; so that the faithful, when they receive them from the ministers, know that God works in his own ordinance, and therefore they receive them as from the hand of God; and the minister's faults (even if they be very great) cannot affect them, since they acknowledge the integrity of the sacraments to depend upon the institution of the Lord. |
| 4. Ceteram præcipuum illud, quod in omnibus sacramentis proponitur a Deo, et attenditur a piis omnibus omnium temporum (quod alii nuncupant substantiam et materiam sacramentorum) Christus est Servator, hostia illa unica, agnus item ille Dei mactatus ab origine mundi, petra quoque illa, de qua omnes majores nostri biberunt, per quem electi omnes circumciduntur sine manibus, per Spiritum Sanctum, abluunturque a peccatis suis omnibus, et aluntur vero corpore et sanguine Christi ad vitam æternam. | But the principal thing which God promises in all sacraments and to which all the godly in all ages direct their attention (some call it the substance and matter of sacraments) is Christ the Savior -- that only sacrifice, and that Lamb of God slain from the foundation of the world; that rock, also, from which all our fathers drank, by whom all the elect are circumcised without hands through the Holy Spirit, and are washed from all their sins, and are nourished with the very body and blood of Christ unto eternal life. |
| 5. Et quantum quidem attinet ad illud, quod in sacramentis est præecipuum et res ipsa, paria sunt utriusque populi sacramenta. Nam Christus unicus Mediator et Servator fidelium utrobique est illud præcipuum et ipsa res sacramentorum. Unus et idem Deus, utrobique horum est auctor. Utrique populo data sunt illa, ut signa adeoque obsignationes gratiæ et promissionum Dei, quæ in memoriam reducant, reparentque maxima Dei beneficia, quibus item fideles ab omnibus aliis orbis religionibus sejungerentur, denique quæ spiritualiter per fidem perciperentur, et percipientes obstringerent Ecclesiæ, et ipsos sui admonerent officii. In his inquam et similibus non disparia sunt utriusque populi sacramenta, quæ tamen in signis sunt di versa. | Now, in respect of that which is the principal thing and the matter itself in the sacraments, the sacraments of both peoples are equal. For Christ, the only Mediator and Savior of the faithful, is the chief thing and very substance of the sacraments in both; for the one God is the author of them both. They were given to both peoples as signs and seals of the grace and promises of God, which should call to mind and renew the memory of God's great benefits, and should distinguish the faithful from all the religions in the world; lastly, which should be received spiritually by faith, and should bind the receivers to the Church, and admonish them of their duty. In these and similar respects, I say, the sacraments of both peoples are not dissimilar, although in the outward signs they are different. |
| 6. Et quidem constituimus etiam in his ampliorem differentiam. Nostra enim firmiora et magis durabilia sunt, utpote quæ in finem usque seculi nunquam mutabuntur. Sed et rem et promissionem completam vel perfectam in Christo testantur, quam complendam illa significabant. Simpliciora item sunt nostra et minus operosa, minus item sumptuosa et cærimoniis involuta. Pertinent præterea ad ampliorem populum, per totum terrarum orbem dispersum: cumque etiam illustriora sint, et majorem (per Spiritum Sanctum) excitent fidem, insequitur etiam uberior spiritus copia. | And, indeed, with respect to the signs we make a great difference. For ours are more firm and lasting, inasmuch as they will never be changed to the end of the world. Moreover, ours testify that both the substance and the promise have been fulfilled or perfected in Christ; the former signified what was to be fulfilled. Ours are also more simple and less laborious, less sumptuous and involved with ceremonies. Moreover, they belong to a more numerous people. one that is dispersed throughout the whole earth. And since they are more excellent, and by the Holy Spirit kindle greater faith, a greater abundance of the Spirit also ensues. |
| 7. Certe cum Christus verus Messias nobis sit exhibitus, et abundantia gratiæ effusa in populum Novi Testamenti, abrogata sunt utique, ac desierunt veteris populi sacramenta, et subrogata sunt Novi Testamenti symbola, in locum circumcisionis, baptismus, et in locum agni Paschalis sacrificiorumque, coena Dominica. | But now since Christ the true Messiah is exhibited unto us, and the abundance of grace is poured forth upon the people of The New Testament, the sacraments of the old people are surely abrogated and have ceased; and in their stead the symbols of the New Testament are placed -- Baptism in the place of circumcision, the Lord's Supper in place of the Paschal Lamb and sacrifices. |
| 8. Sicut autem quondam sacramenta constabant verbo, signo et re significata, ita nunc quoque iisdem veluti partibus absolvuntur. Nam Verbo Dei fiunt, quæ antea non fuerunt, sacramenta. Consecrantur enim Verbo et sanctificata esse ostenduntur ab eo, qui instituit. Et sanctificare vel consecrare est, rem aliquam Deo sacrisque usibus dedicare, h. e. a communi vel profano usu segregare et sacro usui destinare. Sunt enim in sacramentis signa petita ex usu vulgari, res externæ et visibiles. In baptismo enim signum est elementum aquæ, ablutioque illa visibilis, quæ fit per ministrum. Res autem significata est regeneratio vel ablutio a peccatis. In coena vero Domini signum est panis et vinum, sumptum ex communi usu cibi et potus. Res autem significata est ipsum traditum Domini corpus, et sanguis ejus effusus pro nobis, vel communio corporis et sanguinis Domini. Proinde aqua, panis et vinum sua natura, et extra institutionem divinam ac usum sanctum, duntaxat id sunt, quod esse dicuntur, et experimur. Ceterum, si accedat Domini Verbum, cum invocatione divini nominis, et renovatione primæ institutionis et sanctificationis, signa ista consecrantur, et sanctificata a Christo esse ostenduntur. Manet enim semper efficax in Ecclesia Dei prima Christi institutio et consecratio sacramentorum adeo ut, qui non aliter celebrent sacramenta, quam ipse Dominus ab initio instituit, fruantur etiam nunc prima illa consecratione omnium præstantissima. Et ideo recitantur in celebratione sacramentorum ipsa verba Christi. | And as formerly the sacraments consisted of the word, the sign, and the thing signified; so even now they are composed, as it were, of the same parts. For the Word of God makes them sacraments, which before they were not. For they are consecrated by the Word, and shown to be sanctified by him who instituted them. To sanctify or consecrate anything to God is to dedicate it to holy uses; that is, to take it from the common and ordinary use, and to appoint it to a holy use. For the signs in the sacraments are drawn from common use, things external and visible. For in baptism the sign is the element of water, and that visible washing which is done by the minister; but the thing signified is regeneration and the cleansing from sins. Likewise, in the Lord's Supper, the outward sign is bread and wine, taken from things commonly used for meat and drink; but the thing signified is the body of Christ which was given, and his blood which was shed for us, or the communion of the body and blood of the Lord. Wherefore, the water, bread, and wine, according to their nature and apart from the divine institution and sacred use, are only that which they are called and we experience. But when the Word of God is added to them, together with invocation of the divine name, and the renewing of their first institution and sanctification, then these signs are consecrated, and shown to be sanctified by Christ. For Christ's first institution and consecration of the sacraments remains always effectual in the Church of God, so that these who do not celebrate the sacraments in any other way than the Lord himself instituted from the beginning still today enjoy that first and all-surpassing consecration. And hence in the celebration of the sacraments the very words of Christ are repeated. |
| 9. Et quoniam Verbo Dei discimus, quod signa haec in alium finem sint instituta a Domino, quam usurpentur vulgo, ideo docemus, signa nunc in usu sacro usurpare rerum signatarum vocabula, nec appellari amplius aquam tantum, panem et vinum, sed etiam regenerationem vel lavacrum renovationis, item corpus et sanguinem Domini, vel symbola aut sacramenta corporis et sanguinis Domini; non quod symbola mutentur in res siguificatas, et desinant esse id, quod sunt sua natura. Alioqui enim sacramenta non essent, quæ re significata duntaxat constarent, signa non essent: sed ideo usurpant signa rerum nomina, quod rerum sacrarum sint symbola mystica, et signa et res significatæ inter se sacramentaliter conjungantur, conjungantur inquam, vel uniantur per significationem mysticam, et voluntatem vel consilium ejus, qui sacramenta instituit. | And as we learn out of the Word of God that these signs were instituted for another purpose than the usual use, therefore we teach that they now, in their holy use, take upon them the names of things signified, and are no longer called mere water, bread or wine, but also regeneration or the washing of water, and the body and blood of the Lord or symbols and sacraments of the Lord's body and blood. Not that the symbols are changed into the things signified, or cease to be what they are in their own nature. For otherwise they world not be sacraments. If they were only the thing signified, they would not be signs. Therefore the signs acquire the names of things because they are mystical signs of sacred things, and because the signs and the things signified are sacramentally joined together; joined together, I say, or united by a mystical signification, and by the purpose or will of him who instituted the sacraments. |
| 10. Non enim aqua, panis et vinum sunt signa vulgaria, sed sacra. Et qui instituit aquam baptismi, non ea voluntate consilioque instituit, ut fideles aqua duntaxat baptismi perfundantur: et qui jussit in coena sacra panem edere, et vinum bibere, non hoc voluit, ut fideles panem et vinum tantum percipiant sine mysterio, sicut domi suæ panem manducant, sed ut rebus quoque significatis spiritualiter communicent, et vere per fidem abluantur a peccatis, et Christo participent. | For the water, bread, and wine are not common, but holy signs. And he that instituted water in baptism did not institute it with the will and intention that the faithful should only be sprinkled by the water of baptism; and he who commanded the bread to be eaten and the wine to be drunk in the supper did not want the faithful to receive only bread and wine without any mystery as they eat bread in their homes; but that they should spiritually partake of the things signified, and by faith be truly cleansed from their sins, and partake of Christ. |
| 11. Idcirco minime probamus eos, qui sanctificationem sacramentorum attribuunt, nescio, quibus characteribus, et recitationi, vel virtuti verborum pronuntiatorum a consecratore, et qui habeat intentionem consecrandi, aut rebus aliis adventitiis, quæ neque Christi, neque Apostolorum, vel verbo, vel exemplo nobis traduntur. Neque probamus eorum quoque doctrinam, qui de sacramentis perinde loquuntur, ut signis communibus, non sanctificatis aut efficacibus. Neque eos probamus, qui propter invisibilia aspernantur in sacramentis visibilia, adeoque signa sibi credunt fore supervacanea, quod rebus se jam frui arbitrantur, quales Messaliani fuisse dicuntur. Neque vero approbamus istorum quoque doctrinam, qui docent, gratiam et res significatas signis ita alligari et includi, ut quicunque signis exterius participent, etiam interius gratiæ rebusque significatis participes sint, quales quales sint. | And, therefore, we do not at all approve of those who attribute the sanctification of the sacraments to I know not what properties and formula or to the power of words pronounced by one who is consecrated and who has the intention of consecrating, and to other accidental things which neither Christ or the apostles delivered to us by word or example. Neither do we approve of the doctrine of those who speak of the sacraments just as common signs, not sanctified and effectual. Nor do we approve of those who despise the visible aspect of the sacraments because of the invisible, and so believe the signs to be superfluous because they think they already enjoy the things themselves, as the Messalians are said to have held. We do not approve of the doctrine of those who teach that grace and the things signified are so bound to and included in the signs that whoever participate outwardly in the signs, no matter what sort of persons they be, also inwardly participate in the grace and things signified. |
| 12. Interim sicut a dignitate vel indignitate ministrorum non æstimamus integritatem sacramentorum, ita neque a conditione sumentium. Agnoscimus enim sacramentorum integritatem ex fide vel veritate meraque bonitate Dei dependere. Sicut enim Verbum Dei manet verum Verbum Dei, quo non tantum verba nuda recitantur, dum prædicatur, sed simul a Deo offeruntur res verbis significatæ, vel adnunciatæ, tametsi impii vel increduli verba audiant, et intelligant, rebus tamen significatis non perfruantur: eo quod vera fide non recipiant: Ita sacramenta verbo, signis et rebus significatis constantia, manent vera et integra sacramenta, non tantum significantia res sacras, sed Deo offerente etiam res significatas, tametsi increduli res oblatas non percipiant. Fit hoc non dantis aut offerentis Dei vitio, sed hominum sine fide illegitimeque accipientium culpa: Quorum incredulitas fidem Dei irritam non facit (Rom. iii. 3). | However, as we do not estimate the value of the sacraments by the worthiness or unworthiness of the ministers, so we do not estimate it by the condition of those who receive them. For we know that the value of the sacraments depends upon faith and upon the truthfulness and pure goodness of God. For as the Word of God remains the true Word of God, in which, when it is preached, not only bare words are repeated, but at the same time the things signified or announced in words are offered by God, even if the ungodly and unbelievers hear and understand the words yet do not enjoy the things signified, because they do not receive them by true faith; so the sacraments, which by the Word consist of signs and the things signified, remain true and inviolate sacraments, signifying not only sacred things, but, by God offering, the things signified, even if unbelievers do not receive the things offered. This is not the fault of God who gives and offers them, but the fault of men who receive them without faith and illegitimately; but whose unbelief does not invalidate the faithfulness of God (Rom. 3:3 f.). |
| 13. Porro cum mox ab initio, quando expositum est, quid sint sacramenta, pariter et obiter explicatum sit, ad quid sint instituta; non est, quod semel dicta cum molestia repetantur. Consequenter ergo sigillatim dicemus de novi populi sacramentis. | Since the purpose for which sacraments were instituted was also explained in passing when right at the beginning of our exposition it was shown what sacraments are, there is no need to be tedious by repeating what once has been said. Logically, therefore, we now speak severally of the sacraments of the new people. |
| CAP. XX. DE SANCTO BAPTISMO. | CHAPTER XX Of Holy Baptism |
| 1. Baptismus a Deo institutus et consecratus est, primusque baptizavit Joannes, qui Christum aqua in Jordano tinxit. Inde defluxit ad Apostolos, qui et ipsi aqua baptizarunt. Jussit hos manifeste Dominus Evangelium prædicare, et baptizare in nomine Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti (Matt. xxviii. 19); et Petrus ad Judæos interrogantes, quid facere deberent? dixit in Actis: Baptizetur unusquisque vestrum in nomine Jesu Christi, ad remissionem peccatorum, et accipietis donum Spiritus Sancti (Act. ii. 37, 38). Unde a nonnullis baptismus nuncupatus est signum initiale populi Dei, utpote quo initiantur Deo electi Dei. | Baptism was instituted and consecrated by God. First John baptized, who dipped Christ in the water in Jordan. From him it came to the apostles, who also baptized with water. The Lord expressly commanded them to preach the Gospel and to baptize "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matt. 28:19). And in The Acts, Peter said to the Jews who inquired what they ought to do: "Be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit" (Acts 2:37 f.). Hence by some baptism is called a sign of initiation for God's people, since by it the elect of God are consecrated to God. |
| 2. Unus est duntaxat baptismus in Ecclesia Dei, et satis est semel baptizari vel initiari Deo. Durat autem semel susceptus baptismus per omnem vitam, et est perpetua obsignatio adoptionis nostræ. Etenim baptizari in nomine Christi est: inscribi, initiari et recipi in foedus atque familiam adeoque in hæreditatem filiorum Dei, imo, jam nunc nuncupari nomine Dei, id est, appellari filium Dei, purgari item a sordibus peccatorum, et donari varia Dei gratia ad vitam novam et innocentem. Baptismus ergo in memoria retinet et reparat ingens Dei beneficium generi mortalium præstitum. | There is but one baptism in the Church of God; and it is sufficient to be once baptized or consecrated unto God. For baptism once received continues for all of life, and is a perpetual sealing of our adoption. Now to be baptized in the name of Christ is to be enrolled, entered, and received into the covenant and family, and so into the inheritance of the sons of God; yes, and in this life to be called after the name of God; that is to say, to be called a son of God; to be cleansed also from the filthiness of sins, and to be granted the manifold grace of God, in order to lead a new and innocent life. Baptism, therefore, calls to mind and renews the great favor God has shown to the race of mortal men. |
| 3. Nascimur enim omnes in peccatorum sordibus, et sumus filii iræ. Deus autem, qui dives est misericordia, purgat nos a peccatis gratuito, per sanguinem Filii sui, et in hoc adoptat nos in filios, adeoque foedere sancto nos sibi connectit, et variis donis ditat, ut possimus novam vivere vitam. Obsignantur haec omnia baptismo. Nam intus regeneramur, purificamur, et renovamur a Deo per Spiritum Sanctum: foris autem accipimus obsignationem maximorum donorum in aqua, qua etiam maxima illa beneficia repræsentantur et veluti oculis nostris conspicienda proponuntur. Ideoque baptizamur, id est, abluimur, aut adspergimur aqua visibili. Aqua enim sordes mundat, deficientia et æstuantia recreat et refrigerat corpora. Gratia vero Dei hæc animabus præstat, et quidem invisibiliter vel spiritualiter. | For we are all born in the pollution of sin and are the children of wrath. But God, who is rich in mercy, freely cleanses us from our sins by the blood of his Son, and in him adopts us to be his sons, and by a holy covenant joins us to himself, and enriches us with various gifts, that we might live a new life. All these things are assured by baptism. For inwardly we are regenerated, purified, and renewed by God through the Holy Spirit and outwardly we receive the assurance of the greatest gifts in the water, by which also those great benefits are represented, and, as it were, set before our eyes to be beheld. And therefore we are baptized, that is, washed or sprinkled with visible water. For the water washes dirt away, and cools and refreshes hot and tired bodies. And the grace of God performs these things for souls, and does so invisibly or spiritually. |
| 4. Separat item Deus nos baptismi symbolo ab omnibus alienis religionibus et populis, et sibi consecrat ceu peculium: nos itaque, dum baptizamur, confitemur fidem nostram et obstringimur Deo ad obedientiam et mortificationem carnis vitæque novitatem, adeoque inscribimur in sanctam Christi militiam, ut toto vitæ cursu pugnemus contra mundum, et Satanam, atque carnem propriam. Baptizamur præterea in. unum Ecclesiæ corpus, ut cum omnibus membris Ecclesiæ pulchre in una et eadem religione mutuisque officiis consentiamus. | Moreover, God also separates us from all strange religions and peoples by the symbol of baptism, and consecrates us to himself as his property. We, therefore, confess our faith when we are baptized, and obligate ourselves to God for obedience, mortification of the flesh, and newness of life. Hence, we are enlisted in the holy military service of Christ that all our life long we should fight against the world, Satan, and our own flesh. Moreover, we are baptized into one body of the Church, that with all members of the Church we might beautifully concur in the one religion and in mutual services. |
| 5. Credimus perfectissimam esse baptizandi formam, qua Christus ipse baptizatus est, et qua baptizarunt Apostoli. Ergo, quæ humana inventione postea adjecta et usurpata sunt in Ecclesia, non arbitramur necessaria esse ad perfectionem baptismi: cujus generis est exorcismus, usus item ardentis luminis, olei, salis, sputi, et similium rerum, ut, quod baptismus singulis annis pluribus cærimoniis bis consecratur. Nos enim credimus, unum Ecclesiæ baptismum in prima Dei institutione sanctificatum esse, et consecrari per verbum, efficacemque esse nunc etiam propter primam Dei benedictionem. | We believe that the most perfect form of baptism is that by which Christ was baptized, and by which the apostles baptized. Those things, therefore, which by man's device were added afterwards and used in the Church we do not consider necessary to the perfection of baptism. Of this kind is exorcism, the use of burning lights, oil, salt, spittle, and such other things as that baptism is to be celebrated twice every year with a multitude of ceremonies. For we believe that one baptism of the Church has been sanctified in God's first institution, and that it is consecrated by the Word and is also effectual today in virtue of God's first blessing. |
| 6. Docemus, baptismum in Ecclesia non administrari debere a mulierculis, vel ab obstetricibus. Paulus enim removit mulierculas ab officiis ecclesiasticis. Baptismus autem pertinet ad officia ecclesiastica. Damnamus Anabaptistas, qui negant baptizandos esse infantulos recens natos a fidelibus. Nam juxta doctrinam Evangelicam horum est regnum Dei, et sunt in foedere Dei; cur itaque non daretur eis signum foederis Dei? cur non per sanctum baptisma initiarentur, qui sunt peculium et in Ecclesia Dei? Damnamus Anabaptistas et in aliis ipsorum dogmatibus, quæ contra Verbum Dei peculiaria habent. Non sumus ergo Anabaptistæ, neque cum eis in ulla re ipsorum communicamus. | We teach that baptism should not be administered in the Church by women or midwives. For Paul deprived women of ecclesiastical duties, and baptism has to do with these. We condemn the Anabaptists, who deny that newborn infants of the faithful are to be baptized. For according to evangelical teaching, of such is the Kingdom of God, and they are in the covenant of God. Why, then, should the sign of God's covenant not be given to them? Whey should those who belong to God and are in his Church not be initiated by holy baptism? We condemn also the Anabaptists in the rest of their peculiar doctrines which they hold contrary to the Word of God. We therefore are not Anabaptists and have nothing in common with them. |
| CAP. XXI. DE SACRA CŒNA DOMINI. | CHAPTER XXI Of the Holy Supper of the Lord |
| 1. Coena Domini, quæ et mensa Domini, et eucharistia, id est, gratiarum actio nuncupatur, ideo coena nuncupatur vulgo, quod a Christo in ultima illa coena sua instituta sit, eamque adhuc repræsentet, ac in ipsa spiritualiter cibentur et potentur fideles. Auctor enim coenæ Dominicæ non est angelus aut homo ullus, sed ipse Dei Filius, Dominus noster Jesus Christus, qui primus eam Ecclesiæ suæ consecravit. Durat autem ea consecratio vel benedictio adhuc apud omnes eos, qui non aliam coenam, sed illam ipsam celebrant, quam Dominus instituit; ad quam verba coenæ Domini recitant, et in omnibus ad unum Christum vera fide respiciunt, et cujus veluti manibus accipiunt, quod per ministerium ministrorum Ecclesiæ accipiunt. | The Supper of the Lord (which is called the Lord's Table, and the Eucharist, that is, a Thanksgiving), is, therefore, usually called a supper, because it was instituted by Christ at this last supper, and still represents it, and because in it the faithful are spiritually fed and given drink. For the author of the Supper of the Lord is not an angel or any man, but the Son of God himself, our Lord Jesus Christ, who first consecrated it to his Church. And the same consecration or blessing still remains among all those who celebrate no other but that very Supper which the Lord instituted, and at which they repeat the words of the Lord's Supper, and in all things look to the one Christ by a true faith, from whose hands they receive, as it were, what they receive through the ministry of the ministers of the Church. |
| 2. Retinere vult Dominus ritu hoc sacro in recenti memoria maximum generi mortalium præstitum beneficium, nempe quod, tradito corpore, et effuso suo sanguine, omnia nobis peccata nostra condonavit, ac a morte æterna et potestate diaboli nos redemit, jam pascit nos sua carne et potat suo sanguine, quæ vera fide spiritualiter percepta, alunt nos ad vitam æternam. Et hoc tantum beneficium renovatur toties, quoties coena Domini celebratur. Dixit enim Dominus: Hoc facite in mei commemorationem. Obsignatur item hac coena sancta, quod revera corpus Domini pro nobis traditum et sanguis ejus in remissionem peccatorum nostrorum effusus est, ne quid fides nostra vacillet. | By this sacred rite the Lord wishes to keep in fresh remembrance that greatest benefit which he showed to mortal men, namely, that by having given his body and shed his blood he has pardoned all our sins, and redeemed us from eternal death and the power of the devil, and now feeds us with his flesh, and gives us his blood to drink, which, being received spiritually by true faith, nourish us to eternal life. And this so great a benefit is renewed as often as the Lord's Supper is celebrated. For the Lord said: "Do this in remembrance of me." This holy Supper also seals to us that the very body of Christ was truly given for us, and his blood shed for the remission of our sins, lest our faith should in any way waver. |
| 3. Et quidem visibiliter hoc foris sacramento per ministrum repræsentatur, et veluti oculis contemplandum exponitur, quod intus in anima invisibiliter per ipsum Spiritum Sanctum præstatur. Foris offertur a ministro panis, et audiuntur voces Domini: Accipite, edite, hoc est corpus meum, accipite et dividite inter vos, bibite ex hoc omnes, hic est sanguis meus. Ergo accipiunt fideles, quod datur a ministro Domini, et edunt panem Domini, ac bibunt de poculo Domini: intus interim opera Christi per Spiritum Sanctum percipiunt etiam carnem et sanguinem Domini, et pascuntur his in vitam æternam. Etenim caro et sanguis Christi verus cibus et potus est ad vitam æternam; et Christus ipse, quatenus pro nobis traditus et Salvator noster est, illud præcipuum coenæ est, nec patimur, quicquam aliud in locum ejus substitui. | And this is visibly represented by this sacrament outwardly through the ministers, and, as it were, presented to out eyes to be seen, which is invisibly wrought by the Holy Spirit inwardly in the soul. Bread is outwardly offered by the minister, and the words of the Lord are heard: "Take, eat; this is my body"; and, "Take and divide among you. Drink of it, all of you; this is my blood." Therefore the faithful receive what is given by the ministers of the Lord, and they eat the bread of the Lord and drink of the Lord's cup. At the same time by the work of Christ through the Holy Spirit they also inwardly receive the flesh and blood of the Lord, and are thereby nourished unto life eternal. For the flesh and blood of Christ is the true food and drink unto life eternal; and Christ himself, since he was given for us and is our Savior, is the principal thing in the Supper, and we do not permit anything else to be substituted in his place. |
| 4. Ut autem rectius et perspicacius intelligatur, quo modo caro et sanguis Christi sint cibus et potus fidelium, percipianturque a fidelibus ad vitam æternam, paucula hæc adjiciemus. Manducatio non est unius generis. Est enim manducatio corporalis, qua cibus in os percipitur ab homine, dentibus atteritur et in ventrem deglutitur. Hoc manducationis genere intellexerunt olim Capernaitæ sibi manducandam carnem Domini, sed refutantur ab ipso, Joann. cap. vi. Nam ut caro Christi corporaliter manducari non potest citra flagitium aut truculentiam, ita non est cibus ventris. Id quod omnes fateri coguntur. Improbamus canonem in decretis itaque pontificum: Ego Berengarius, etc. (De Consecratione, Distinct. 2). Neque enim credidit vetustas pia, neque nos credimus, corpus Christi manducari ore corporis corporaliter vel essentialiter. | But in order to understand better and more clearly how the flesh and blood of Christ are the food and drink of the faithful, and are received by the faithful unto eternal life, we would add these few things. There is more than one kind of eating. There is corporeal eating whereby food is taken into the mouth, is chewed with the teeth, and swallowed into the stomach. In times past the Capernaites thought that the flesh of the Lord should be eaten in this way, but they are refuted by him in John, ch. 6. For as the flesh of Christ cannot be eaten corporeally without infamy and savagery, so it is not food for the stomach. All men are forced to admit this. We therefore disapprove of that canon in the Pope's decrees, Ego Berengarius (De Consecrat., Dist. 2). For neither did godly antiquity believe, nor do we believe, that the body of Christ is to be eaten corporeally and essentially with a bodily mouth. |
| 5. Est et spirituals manducatio corporis Christi, non ea quidem, qua existimemus cibum mutari in spiritum, sed qua, manente in sua essentia et proprietate corpore et sanguine Domini, ea nobis communicantur spiritualiter, utique non corporali modo, sed spirituali, per Spiritum Sanctum, qui videlicet ea, quæ per carnem et sanguinem Domini pro nobis in mortem tradita parata sunt, ipsam, inquam, remissionem peccatorum, liberationem et vitam æternam, applicat et confert nobis, ita ut Christus in nobis vivat et nos in ipso vivamus, efficitque, ut ipsum, quo talis fit cibus et potus spiritualis noster, id est, vita nostra, vera fide percipiamus. | There is also a spiritual eating of Christ's body; not such that we think that thereby the food itself is to be changed into spirit, but whereby the body and blood of the Lord, while remaining in their own essence and property, are spiritually communicated to us, certainly not in a corporeal but in a spiritual way, by the Holy Spirit, who applies and bestows upon us these things which have been prepared for us by the sacrifice of the Lord's body and blood for us, namely, the remission of sins, deliverance, and eternal life; so that Christ lives in us and we live in him, and he causes us to receive him by true faith to this end that he may become for us such spiritual food and drink, that is, our life. |
| 6. Sicut enim cibus et potus corporalis corpora nostra non tantum reficiunt ac roborant, sed et in vita conservant: ita et caro Christi tradita pro nobis, et sanguis ejus effusus pro nobis, non tantum reficiunt et roborant animas nostras, sed etiam in vita conservant, non quatenus quidem corporaliter eduntur et bibuntur, sed quatenus spiritualiter nobis a Spiritu Dei communicantur, dicente Domino: Et panis, quem ego dabo, caro mea est, quam dabo pro mundi vita. Item: Caro (nimirum corporaliter manducato) non prodest quidquam, spiritus est, qui vivificat. Et: Verba, quæ loquor vobis, spiritus et vita sunt (Joh. vi. 51, 63). Et sicut oportet cibum in nosmetipsos edendo recipere, ut operetur in nobis, suamque in nobis efficaciam exserat, cum extra nos positus nihil nobis prosit: ita necesse est, nos fide Christum recipere, ut noster fiat, vivatque in nobis et nos in ipso. Dicit enim: Ego sum panis vitæ. Qui venit ad me, non esuriet, et qui credit in me, non sitiet unquam. Item: Qui ederit me, vivet et ipse propter me: ac manet in me et ego in ipso (Joh. vi. 51, 52). | For even as bodily food and drink not only refresh and strengthen our bodies, but also keeps them alive, so the flesh of Christ delivered for us, and his blood shed for us, not only refresh and strengthen our souls, but also preserve them alive, not in so far as they are corporeally eaten and drunken, but in so far as they are communicated unto us spiritually by the Spirit of God, as the Lord said: "The bread which I shall give for the life of the world is my flesh (John 6:51), and "the flesh" (namely what is eaten bodily) "is of no avail; it is the spirit that gives life" (v. 63). And: "The words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life." And as we must by eating receive food into our bodies in order that it may work in us, and prove its efficacy in us -- since it profits us nothing when it remains outside us -- so it is necessary that we receive Christ by faith, that he may become ours, and he may live in us and we in him. For he says: "I am the bread of life; he who comes to me shall not hunger, and he who believes in me shall never thirst" (John 6:35); and also, "He who eats me will live because of me...he abides in me, I in him" (vs. 57, 56). |
| 7. Ex quibus omnibus claret, nos per spiritualem cibum minime intelligere imaginarium, nescio quem, cibum, sed ipsum Domini corpus pro nobis traditum, quod tamen percipiatur a fidelibus, non corporaliter, sed spiritualiter per fidem. In qua re sequimur per omnia doctrinam ipsius Salvatoris Christi Domini apud Joh. vi. Et hic esus carnis et potus sanguinis Domini ita est necessarius ad salutem, ut sine ipso nullus servari possit. Fit autem hic esus et potus spiritualis etiam extra Domini coenam, et quoties, aut ubicunque homo in Christum crediderit. Quo fortassis illud Augustini pertinet: quid paras dentem et ventrem? crede, et manducasti. | From all this it is clear that by spiritual food we do not mean some imaginary food I know not what but the very body of the Lord given to us, which nevertheless is received by the faithful not corporeally, but spiritually by faith. In this matter we follow the teaching of the Savior himself, Christ the Lord, according to John, ch. 6. And this eating of the flesh and drinking of the blood of the Lord is so necessary for salvation that without it no man can be saved. But this spiritual eating and drinking also occurs apart from the Supper of the Lord, and as often and wherever a man believes in Christ. To which that sentence of St. Augustine's perhaps applies: "Why do you provide for your teeth and your stomach? Believe, and you have eaten." |
| 8. Præter superiorem manducationem spiritualem est et sacramentalis manducatio corporis Domini, qua fidelis non tantum spiritualiter et interne participat vero corpore et sanguine Domini, sed foris etiam accedendo ad mensam Domini accipit visibile corporis et sanguinis Domini sacramentum. Prius quidem, dum credidit fidelis, vivificum alimentum percepit, et ipso fruitur adhuc, sed ideo, dum nunc sacramentum quoque accipit, non nihil accipit. Nam in continuatione communicationis corporis et sanguinis Domini pergit, adeoque magis magisque incenditur et crescit fides, ac spirituali alimonia reficitur. Dum enim vivimus, fides continuas habet accessiones. Et qui foris vera fide sacramentum percipit, idem ille non signum duntaxat percipit, sed re ipsa quoque, ut diximus, fruitur. Præterea idem ille institutioni et mandato Domini obedit, lætoque animo gratias pro redemptione sua totiusque generis humani agit, ac fidelem mortis Dominicæ memoriam peragit, atque coram Ecclesia, cujus corporis membrum sit, attestatur; obsignatur item percipientibus sacramentum, quod corpus Domini non tantum in genere pro hominibus sit traditum, et sanguis ejus effusus, sed peculiariter pro quovis fideli communicante, cujus cibus et potus sit ad vitam æternam. | Besides the higher spiritual eating there is also a sacramental eating of the body of the Lord by which not only spiritually and internally the believer truly participates in the true body and blood of the Lord, but also, by coming to the Table of the Lord, outwardly receives the visible sacrament of the body and blood of the Lord. To be sure, when the believer believed, he first received the life-giving food, and still enjoys it. But therefore, when he now received the sacrament, he does not received nothing. For he progresses in continuing to communicate in the body and blood of the Lord, and so his faith is kindle and grows more and more, and is refreshed by spiritual food. For while we live, faith is continually increased. And he who outwardly receives the sacrament by true faith, not only receives the sign, but also, as we said, enjoys the thing itself. Moreover, he obeys the Lord's institution and commandment, and with a joyful mind gives thanks for his redemption and that of all mankind, and makes a faithful memorial to the Lord's death, and gives a witness before the Church, of whose body he is a member. Assurance is also given to those who receive the sacrament that the body of the Lord was given and his blood shed, not only for men in general, but particularly for every faithful communicant, to whom it is food and drink unto eternal life. |
| 9. Cæterum qui nulla cum fide ad hanc sacram Domini mensam accedit, Sacramento duntaxat communicat, et rem sacramenti, unde est vita et salus, non percipit. Et tales indigne edunt de mensa Domini. Qui autem indigne edunt de pane Domini et de poculo ejus bibunt, rei fiunt corporis et sanguinis Domini, et ad judicium sibi edunt et bibunt. Nam cum vera fide non accedant, mortem Christi contumelia adficiunt, et ideo damnationem sibi ipsis edunt et bibunt. | But he who comes to this sacred Table of the Lord without faith, communicates only in the sacrament and does not receive the substance of the sacrament whence comes life and salvation; and such men unworthily eat of the Lord's Table. Whoever eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of the body and blood of the Lord, and eats and drinks judgment upon himself (I Cor. 11:26-29). For when they do not approach with true faith, they dishonor the death of Christ, and therefore eat and drink condemnation to themselves. |
| 10. Ergo corpus Domini et sanguinem ejus cum pane et vino non ita conjungimus, ut panem ipsum dicamus esse corpus Christi, nisi ratione sacramentali, aut sub pane corporaliter latitare corpus Christi: ut etiam sub speciebus panis adorari debeat, aut quicunque signum percipiat, idem et rem percipiat ipsam. Corpus Christi in coelis est ad dextram Patris. Sursum ergo elevanda sunt corda, et non defigenda in panem, nec adorandus Dominus in pane. Et tamen non est absens Ecclesiæ suæ celebranti coenam Dominus. Sol absens a nobis in coelo, nihilominus efficaciter præsens est nobis: quanto magis sol justitiæ Christus, corpore in coelis absens nobis, præsens est nobis, non corporaliter quidem, sed spiritualiter per vivificam operationem, et ut ipse se nobis præsentem futurum exposuit in ultima coena (Joh. xiv., xv., xvi.). Unde consequens est, nos non habere coenam sine Christo, interim tamen habere coenam incruentam et mysticam, sicuti universa nuncupavit vetustas. | We do not, therefore, so join the body of the Lord and his blood with the bread and wine as to say that the bread itself is the body of Christ except in a sacramental way; or that the body of Christ is hidden corporeally under the bread, so that it ought to be worshipped under the form of bread; or yet that whoever receives the sign, receives also the thing itself. The body of Christ is in heaven at the right hand of the Father; and therefore our hearts are to be lifted up on high, and not to be fixed on the bread, neither is the Lord to be worshipped in the bread. Yet the Lord is not absent from his Church when she celebrates the Supper. The sun, which is absent from us in the heavens, is notwithstanding effectually present among us. How much more is the Sun of Righteousness, Christ, although in his body he is absent from us in heaven, present with us, not corporeally, but spiritually, by his vivfying operation, and as he himself explained at his Last Supper that he world be present with us (John, chs. 14; 15; and 16). Whence it follows that we do not have the Supper without Christ, and yet at the same time have an unbloody and mystical Supper, as it was universally called by antiquity. |
| 11. Admonemur præterea celebratione coenæ Dominicæ, ut memores simus, cujus corporis membra facti simus, et idcirco concordes simus cum omnibus fratribus, ut sancte vivamus, et non polluamus nos flagitiis et peregrinis religionibus. sed in vera fide in finem usque vitæ perseverantes, studeamus excellere sanctimonia vitæ. Decet ergo, ut accessuri ad coenam, prius nos ipsos juxta præceptum Apostoli probemus, imprimis quali simus fide præditi, an credamus, Christum venisse, servandis peccatoribus et ad poenitentiam vocandis, et an quisque credat, se in horum esse numero, qui per Christum liberati servantur, et an mutare vitam pravam instituerit, ac vivere sancte, perse verareque, auxiliante Domino, in vera religione et in concordia cum fratribus, dignasque Deo pro liberatione agere gratias, etc. | Moreover, we are admonished in the celebration of the Supper of the Lord to be mindful of whose body we have become members, and that, therefore, we may be of one mind with all the brethren, live a holy life, and not pollute ourselves with wickedness and strange religions; but, perservering in the true faith to the end of our life, strive to excel in holiness of life. It is therefore fitting that when we would come to the Supper, we first examine ourselves according to the commandment of the apostle, especially as to the kind of faith we have, whether we believe that Christ has come to save sinners and to call them to repentance, and whether each man believes that he is in the number of those who have been delivered by Christ and saved; and whether he is determined to change his wicked life, to lead a holy life, and with the Lord's help to persevere in the true religion and in harmony with the brethren, and to give due thanks to God for his deliverance. |
| 12. Ritum, modum vel formam coenæ, illam existimamus esse simplicissimam et præstantissimam, quæ proxime accedit ad primam Domini institutionem et apostolicam doctrinam: quæ videlicet constat annuntiatione verbi Dei, precibus piis, ipsa actione dominica et repetitione ejus, manducatione corporis et potu sanguinis domini, memoria item mortis dominicæ salubri, et gratiarum actione fideli, nec non sancta consociatione in corporis ecclesiastici unionem. Improbamus itaque illos, qui alteram speciem, poculum, inquam, domini, fidelibus subtraxerunt. Graviter enim hi peccant contra institutionem domini, dicentis: Bibite ex hoc omnes: Id quod ad panem, non ita expresse dixit. | We think that rite, manner, or form of the Supper to be the most simple and excellent which comes nearest to the first institution of the Lord and to the apostles' doctrine. It consists in proclaiming the Word of God, in godly prayers, in the action of the Lord himself, and its repetition, in the eating of the Lord's body and drinking of this blood; in a fitting remembrance of the Lord's death, and a faithful thanksgiving; and in a holy fellowship in the union of the body of the Church. We therefore disapprove of those who have taken from the faithful one species of the sacrament, namely, the Lord's cup. For these seriously offend against the institution of the Lord who says: "Drink ye all of this"; which he did not so expressly say of the bread. |
| 13. Missa qualis aliquando apud veteres fuerit, tolerabilis an intolerabilis, modo non disputamus; hoc autem libere dicimus, missam, quæ hodie in usu est per universam Romanam Ecclesiam, plurimas et justissimas quidem ob causas in ecclesiis nostris esse abrogatam, quas sigillatim ob brevitatem nunc non commemoramus. Certe approbare non potuimus, quod ex actione salubri, spectaculum inane est factum, quod item facta est meritoria, vel celebrata pro pretio, quodque in ea sacerdos dicitur conficere ipsum Domini corpus, et hoc offerre realiter pro remissione peccatorum vivorum et mortuorum, adde et in honorem et celebrationem, vel memoriam sanctorum in coelis, etc. | We are not now discussing we what kind of mass once existed among the fathers, whether it is to be tolerated or not. But this we say freely that the mass which is now used throughout the Roman Church has been abolished in our churches for many and very good reasons which, for brevity's sake, we do not now enumerate in detail. We certainly could not approve of making a wholesome action into a vain spectacle and a means of giving merit, and of celebrating it for a price. Nor could we approve of saying that in it the priest is said to effect the very body of the Lord, and really to offer it for the remission of the sins of the living and the dead, and in addition, for the honor, veneration and remembrance of the saints in heaven, etc. |
| CAP. XXII. DE CŒTIBUS SACRIS ET ECCLESIASTICIS. | CHAPTER XXII Of Religious and Ecclesiastical Meetings |
| 1. Tametsi omnibus sacras literas privatim legere domi, et instruendo ædificare mutuum in vera religione liceat; ut tamen legitime adnuncietur verbum Dei populo, et preces ac supplicationes fiant publice, sacramenta item celebrentur legitime, et collecta Ecclesiæ fiat in pauperes et omnes Ecclesiæ necessarios sumtus faciendos, aut usus sustentandos, necessarii sunt omnino coetus sacri, vel ecclesiastici fidelium conventus. Constat enim, in Ecclesia Apostolica et primitiva hujusmodi coetus esse ab omnibus piis frequentatos. | Although it is permitted all men to read the Holy Scriptures privately at home, and by instruction to edify one another in the true religion, yet in order that the Word of God may be properly preached to the people, and prayers and supplication publicly made, also that the sacraments may be rightly administered, and that collections may be made for the poor and to pay the cost of all the Church's expenses, and in order to maintain social intercourse, it is most necessary that religious or Church gatherings be held. For it is certain that in the apostolic and primitive Church, there were such assemblies frequented by all the godly. |
| 2. Quotquot hos aspernantur, et ab his sese segregant, religionem veram contemnunt, urgendique sunt a pastoribus et piis magistratibus, ne contumacius se segregare, et coetus sacros aversari pergant. Sint vero coetus ecclesiastici non occulti et obscuri, sed publici atque frequentes, nisi, persecutio hostium Christi et Ecclesiæ non sinat esse publicos. Scimus enim, quales fuerint quondam primitivæ Ecclesiæ coetus in abditis locis, sub tyrannide Romanorum principum. | As many as spun such meetings and stay away from them, despise true religion, and are to be urged by the pastors and godly magistrates to abstain from stubbornly absenting themselves from sacred assemblies. But Church meetings are not to be secret and hidden, but public and well attended, unless persecution by the enemies of Christ and the Church does not permit them to be public. For we know how under the tyranny of the Roman emperors the meetings of the primitive Church were held in secret places. |
| 3. Sint autem loca, in quibus coëunt fideles, honesta et Ecclesiæ Dei per omnia commoda. Deligantur ergo ædes amplæ, aut templa. Repurgentur tamen ab iis rebus omnibus, quæ Ecclesiam non decent. Instruantur autem omnia pro decoro, necessitate et honestate pia, ne quid desit, quod requiritur ad ritus et usus Ecclesiæ necessarios. | Moreover, the places where the faithful meet are to be decent, and in all respects fit for God's Church. Therefore, spacious buildings or temples are to be chosen, but they are to be purged of everything that is not fitting for a church. And everything is to be arranged for decorum, necessity, and godly decency, lest anything be lacking that is required for worship and the necessary works of the Church. |
| 4. Sicut autem credimus, Deum non habitare in templis manu factis, ita propter verbum Dei et usus sacros scimus, loca Deo cultuique ejus dedicata non esse profana sed sacra, et qui in his versantur, reverenter et modeste conversari debere, utpote qui sint in loco sacro, coram Dei conspectu et sanctorum angelorum ejus. Longe itaque a templis et oratoriis Christianorum repellendus, est omnis vestium luxus, omnis superbia, et omnia, quæ humilitatem, disciplinam et modestiam dedecent christianam. Ac verus templorum ornatus non constat ebore, auro et gemmis, sed frugalitate, pietate, virtutibusque eorum, qui versantur in templo. Omnia autem decenter et ordine fiant in Ecclesia, omnia denique fiant ad ædificationem. Taceant ergo omnes peregrinæ linguæ in coetibus sacris. Omnia proponantur lingua vulgari, et quæ eo in loco ab hominibus in coetu intelligatur. | And as we believe that God does not dwell in temples made with hands, so we know that on account of God's Word and sacred use places dedicated to God and his worship are not profane, but holy, and that those who are present in them are to conduct themselves reverently and modestly, seeing that they are in a sacred place, in the presence of God and his holy angels. Therefore, all luxurious attire, all pride, and everything unbecoming to Christian humility, discipline and modesty, are to be banished from the sanctuaries and places of prayer of Christians. For the true ornamentation of churches does not consist in ivory, gold, and precious stones, but in the frugality, piety, and virtues of those who are in the Church. Let all things be done decently and in order in the church, and finally, let all things be done for edification. Therefore, let all strange tongues keep silence in gatherings for worship, and let all things be set forth in a common language which is understood by the people gathered in that place. |
| CAP. XXIII. DE PRECIBUS ECCLESIÆ, CANTU ET HORIS CANONICIS. | CHAPTER XXIII Of the Prayers of the Church, of Singing, and of Canonical Hours |
| 1. Licet sane privatim precari quavis lingua quam quis intelligat, sed publicæ preces in sacris coetibus vulgari lingua vel omnibus cognita fieri debent. Oratio fidelium omnis per solum Christi interventum soli Deo fundatur ex fide et caritate. Divos coelites invocare, aut his uti pro intercessoribus, prohibet sacerdotium Christi Domini et vera religio. Orandum est autem pro magistratu, pro regibus aut omnibus in eminentia constitutis, pro ministris Ecclesiæ et omnibus necessitatibus ecclesiarum. In calamitatibus vero et potissimum Ecclesiæ, absque intermissione, et privatim et publice precandum est. | It is true that a man is permitted to pray privately in any language that he understands, but public prayers in meetings for worship are to be made in the common language known to all. Let all the prayers of the faithful be poured forth to God alone, through the mediation of Christ only, out of faith and love. The priesthood of Christ the Lord and true religion forbid the invocation of saints in heaven or to use them as intercessors. Prayer is to be made for magistracy, for kings, and all that are placed in authority, for ministers of the Church, and for all needs of churches. In calamities, especially of the Church, unceasing prayer is to be made both privately and publicly. |
| 2. Sponte item precandum est, non coacte, neque pro ullo pretio. Neque decet orationem superstitiose adstrictam esse loco, quasi alibi non liceat, nisi in templo precari. Neque oportet preces publicas, quoad formam et tempus, in omnibus ecclesiis esse pares. Libertate enim sua utantur Ecclesiæ quælibet. Socrates in historia, In omnibus, ubique regionibus, inquit, non poteris invenire duas ecclesias, quæ orando plene consentiant. Hujusmodi discrepantiæ autores eos esse puto, qui singulis temporibus ecclesiis præfuerunt. Si tamen sunt congruentes, maximopere commendandum id et aliis imitandum videtur. | Moreover, prayer is to be made voluntarily, without constraint or for any reward. Nor is it proper for prayer to be superstitiously restricted to one place, as if it were not permitted to pray anywhere except in a sanctuary. Neither is it necessary for public prayers to be the same in all churches with respect to form and time. Each Church is to exercise its own freedom. Socrates, in his history, says, "In all regions of the world you will not find two churches which wholly agree in prayer" (Hist. ecclesiast. V.22, 57). The authors of this difference, I think, were those who were in charge of the Churches at particular times. Yet if they agree, it is to be highly commended and imitated by others. |
| 3. Sed et modum esse decet, ut in re quavis, ita et in precibus publicis, ne nimis sint prolixæ et molestæ. Cedant ergo potiores partes in coetibus sacris doctrinæ evangelicæ, caveaturque, ne nimis prolixis precibus fatigetur in coetu populus, ut cum audienda est prædicatio Evangelii, vel egredi ex coetu, vel hunc in universum solvi cupiant defatigati. Talibus in concione nimis videtur prolixum esse, quod alias succinctum est satis. Nam et concionatores modum tenere decet. | As in everything, so also in public prayers there is to be a standard lest they be excessively long and irksome. The greater part of meetings for worship is therefore to be given to evangelical teaching, and care is to be taken lest the congregation is wearied by too lengthy prayers and when they are to hear the preaching of the Gospel they either leave the meeting or, having been exhausted, want to do away with it altogether. To such people the sermon seems to be overlong, which otherwise is brief enough. And therefore it is appropriate for preachers to keep to a standard. |
| 4. Sic et cantus in coetu sacro est moderandus, ubi is est in usu. Cantus, quem Gregorianum nuncupant, plurima habet absurda: unde rejectus est merito a nostris et pluribus ecclesiis. Si ecclesiæ sunt, quæ orationem fidelem legitimamque habent, cantum autem nullum habent, condemnari non debent. Non enim canendi commoditatem omnes habent ecclesiæ. Ac certum est ex testimoniis vetustatis, ut cantus usum fuisse vetustissimum in orientalibus ecclesiis, ita sero tandem receptum esse ab occidentalibus. | Likewise moderation is to be exercised where singing is used in a meeting for worship. That song which they call the Gregorian Chant has many foolish things in it; hence it is rightly rejected by many of our churches. If there are churches which have a true and proper sermon but no singing, they ought not to be condemned. For all churches do not have the advantage of singing. And it is well known form testimonies of antiquity that the custom of singing is very old in the Eastern Churches whereas it was late when it was at length accepted in the West. |
| 5. Horas canonicas, id est, preces ad certas in die horas compositas, a Papistis cantatas aut recitatas, nescivit vetustas: quod ex ipsis horarum lectionibus et argumentis pluribus demonstrari potest. Sed et absurda non pauca habent, ut nihil dicam aliud, proinde omittuntur recte ab ecclesiis substituentibus in locum ipsarum res salutares Ecclesiæ Dei universæ. | Antiquity knew nothing of canonical hours, that is, prayers arranged for certain hours of the day, and sung or recited by the Papists, as can be proved from their breviaries and by many arguments. But they also have not a few absurdities, of which I say nothing else; accordingly they are rightly omitted by churches which substitute in their place things that are beneficial for the whole Church of God. |
| CAP. XXIV. DE FERIIS, JEJUNIIS, CIBORUMQUE DELECTU. | CHAPTER XXIV Of Holy Days, Fasts and the Choice of Foods |
| 1. Quamquam religio tempori non alligetur, non potest tamen absque justa temporis distinctione vel ordinatione plantari et exerceri. Deligit ergo quævis ecclesia sibi tempus certum ad preces publicas et Evangelii prædicationem, nec non sacramentorum celebrationem. Non licet autem cuivis pro suo arbitrio Ecclesiæ ordinationem hanc convellere. Ac nisi otium justum concedatur religionis externæ exercitio, abstrahuntur certe ab eo negotiis suis homines. | Although religion is not bound to time, yet it cannot be cultivated and exercised without a proper distribution and arrangement of time. Every Church, therefore, chooses for itself a certain time for public prayers, and for the preaching of the Gospel, and for the celebration of the sacraments; and no one is permitted to overthrow this appointment of the Church at his own pleasure. For unless some due time and leisure is given for the outward exercise of religion, without doubt men would be drawn away from it by their own affairs. |
| 2. Unde videmus in ecclesiis vetustis, non tantum certas fuisse horas in septimana constitutas coetibus, sed ipsam diem dominicam ab ipsis Apostolorum temporibus, iisdem sacroque otio fuisse consecratam: quod etiam nunc recte propter cultum et caritatem, ab ecclesiis nostris custoditur. Observationi Judaicæ et superstitionibus nihil hic permittimus. Neque enim alteram diem altera sanctiorem esse credimus, neque otium Deo per se probari existimamus, sed et dominicam non sabbatum libera observatione celebramus. | Hence we see that in the ancient churches there were not only certain set hours in the week appointed for meetings, but that also the Lord's Day itself, ever since the apostles' time, was set aside for them and for a holy rest, a practice now rightly preserved by our Churches for the sake of worship and love. In this connection we do not yield to the Jewish observance and to superstitions. For we do not believe that one day is any holier than another, or think that rest in itself is acceptable to God. Moreover, we celebrate the Lord's Day and not the Sabbath as a free observance. |
| 3. Præterea si ecclesiæ pro Christiana libertate memoriam dominicæ nativitatis, circumcisionis, passionis et resurrectionis, ascensionis item in coelum, et missionis Sancti Spiritus in discipulos religiose celebrent, maximopere approbamus. Festa vero hominibus aut divis instituta non probamus. Et sane pertinent feriæ ad tabulam legis primam, et sunt solius Dei: denique habent feriæ divis institutæ et a nobis abrogatæ, absurda, inutilia, minimeque toleranda plurima. Interim fatemur non inutiliter sanctorum memoriam, suo loco et tempore in sacris concionibus populo commendari, et omnibus sancta exempla sanctorum imitanda proponi. | Moreover, if in Christian liberty the churches religiously celebrate the memory of the Lord's nativity, circumcision, passion, resurrection, and of his ascension into heaven, and the sending of the Holy Spirit upon his disciples, we approve of it highly. but we do not approve of feasts instituted for men and for saints. Holy days have to do with the first Table of the Law and belong to God alone. Finally, holy days which have been instituted for the saints and which we have abolished, have much that is absurd and useless, and are not to be tolerated. In the meantime, we confess that the remembrance of saints, at a suitable time and place, is to be profitably commended to the people in sermons, and the holy examples of the saints set forth to be imitated by all. |
| 4. Quanto vero gravius accusat Christi Ecclesia crapulam, ebrietatem, et omnem libidinem ac intemperantiam, tanto vehementius commendat nobis jejunium Christianum. Est enim jejunium aliud nihil, quam abstinentia et temperantia piorum, disciplina item, custodia, et castigatio carnis nostræ, pro necessitate præsenti suscepta, qua humiliamur coram Deo, et carni sua fomenta detrahimus, quo facilius libentiusque spiritui pareat. Proinde non jejunant, qui istorum nullam rationem habent, sed jejunare se credunt, si semel in die farciant ventrem, et certo vel præscripto tempore a certis abstineant cibis, existimantes, hoc opere operato se Deo placere et bonum opus facere. Jejunium est adminiculum orationis sanctorum ac virtutum omnium. Non placuit Deo (ut videre est in Prophetarum libris), jejunium, quo a cibo non a sceleribus jejunabant Judæi. | Now, the more seriously the Church of Christ condemns surfeiting, drunkenness, and all kinds of lust and intemperance, so much the more strongly does it commend to us Christian fasting. For fasting is nothing else than the abstinence and moderation of the godly, and a discipline, care and chastisement of our flesh undertaken as a necessity for the time being, whereby we are humbled before God, and we deprive the flesh of its fuel so that it may the more willingly and easily obey the Spirit. Therefore, those who pay no attention to such things do not fast, but imagine that they fast if they stuff their stomachs once day, and at a certain or prescribed time abstain from certain foods, thinking that by having done this work they please God and do something good. Fasting is an aid to the prayers of the saints and for all virtues. But as is seen in the books of the prophets, the fast of the Jews who fasted from food but not from wickedness did not please God. |
| 5. Est autem publicum jejunium, et privatum. Celebrarunt olim jejunia publica calamitosis temporibus rebusque Ecclesiæ afflictis. Abstinebant in universum a cibo ad vesperam usque. Totum autem hoc tempus impendebant precibus sacris cultuique Dei et poenitentiæ. Parum hæc abfuerunt a luctu: et frequens fit horum mentio in Prophetis, præcipue apud Joëlem (cap. ii.). Celebrari debet hujusmodi jejunium etiam hodie in rebus Ecclesiæ difficilibus. Privata jejunia suscipiuntur abs quovis nostrum, prout quisque senserit detrahi spiritui. Hactenus enim fomenta carni detrahit. | Now there is a public and a private fasting. In olden times they celebrated public fasts in calamitous limes and in the affliction of the Church. They abstained altogether from food till the evening, and spent all that time in holy prayers, the worship Of God, and repentance These differed little from mourning, and there is frequent mention of them in the Prophets and especially by Joel in Ch. 2· Such a fast should be kept at this day, when the Church is in distress. private fasts are undertaken by each one of us, as he feels himself withdrawn from the Spirit. For in this manner he withdraws the flesh from its fuel. |
| 6. Omnia jejunia proficisci debent ex libero, spontaneoque spiritu et vere humiliato, nec composita esse ad plausum vel gratiam hominum consequendam, multo minus eo, ut per ipsa velit homo justitiam demereri. Jejunet autem in hunc finem quilibet, ut fomenta carni detrahat, et ferventius Deo inserviat. | All fasts ought to proceed from a free and willing spirit, and from genuine humility, and not feigned to gain the applause or favor of men, much less that a man should wish to merit righteousness by them. But let every one fast to this end, that he may deprive the flesh of its fuel in order that he may the more zealously serve God. |
| 7. Quadragesimale jejunium vetustatis habet testimonia, sed nulla ex literis Apostolicis: ergo non debet, nec potest imponi fidelibus. Certum est, quondam varias fuisse jejuniorum formas vel consuetudines. Unde Irenæus, scriptor vetustissimus, Quidam, inquit, putant uno tantum die observari debere jejunium, alii duobus, alii vero pluribus, nonnulli etiam quadraginta diebus. Quæ varietas observantiæ, non nostris nunc demum temporibus coepit, sed multo ante noe, ex illis, ut opinor, qui non simpliciter, quod ab initio traditum est, tenentes, in alium morem, vel per negligentiam, vel per imperitiam postmodum decidere. Sed et Socrates historicus, Quia lectio nulla, inquit, de hoc invenitur antiqua, puto, Apostolos hoc singulorum reliquisse sententiæ, ut unusquisque operetur, non timore et necessitate, quod bonum est. | The fast of Lent is attested by antiquity but not at all in the writings of the apostles. Therefore it ought not, and cannot, be imposed on the faithful. It is certain that formerly there were various forms and customs of fasting. hence, Irenaeus, a most ancient writer, says: "Some think that a fast should be observed one day only, others two days, but others more, and some forty days. This diversity in keeping this fast did not first begin in our times, but long before us by those, as I suppose, who did not simply keep to what had been delivered to them from the beginning, but afterwards fell into another custom either through negligence or ignorance" (Fragm. 3, ed. Stieren, I. 824 f.). Moreover, Socrates, the historian, says: "Because no ancient text is found concerning this matter, I think the apostles left this to every man's own judgment, that every one might do what is good without fear or constraint" (Hist. ecclesiast. V.22, 40). |
| 8. Jam vero, quoad delectum ciborum attinet, in jejuniis arbitramur omne id detrahendum esse carni, unde redditur ferocior, et quo delectatur impensius, unde existunt fomenta carni, sive pisces sint, sive carnes, sive aromata, delitiæve aut præstantia vina. Alioqui scimus, creaturas Dei omnes conditas esse in usus et servitia hominum. Omnia, quæ condidit Deus, bona sunt (Gen. i. 31), et citra delectum, cum timore Dei et justa moderatione usurpanda. Apostolus enim, Omnia, inquit, mundis munda sunt (Tit. i. 15). Item: Omne, quod in macello venditur, edite, nihil interrogantes propter conscientiam (1 Cor. x. 25). Idem Apostolus nominat doctrinam eorum, qui jubent abstinere a cibis, doctrinam dæmoniorum. Cibos enim creasse Deum ad sumendum cum gratiarum actione fidelibus, et his, qui cognoverunt veritatem, quod quidquid creavit Deus, bonum sit, et nihil rejiciendum, si sumatur cum gratiarum actione, etc. (1 Tim. iv. 1, 3, 4). Idem ad Colossenses reprobat eos, qui nimia abstinentia, sibi comparare volunt existimationem sanctitatis (Coloss. ii. 21, 23). Nos itaque in universum reprobamus Tatianos et Encratitas, omnes denique Eustathii discipulos, contra quos congregata est Gangrensis synodus. | Now concerning the choice of foods, we think that in fasting all things should be denied to the flesh whereby the flesh is made more insolent, and by which it is greatly pleased, and by which it is inflamed with desire whether by fish or meat or spices or delicacies and excellent wines. Moreover, we know that all the creatures of God were made for the use and service of men. All things which God made are good, and without distinction are to be used in the fear of God and with proper moderation (Gen. 2:15 f.). For the apostle says: "To the pure all things are pure" (Titus 1:15), and also: "Eat whatever is sold in the meat market without raising any question on the ground of conscience" (I Cor. 10:25). The same apostle calls the doctrine of those who teach to abstain form meats "the doctrine of demons"; for "God created foods to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know this truth that everything created by God is good, and nothing is to be rejected if it is received with thanksgiving" (I Tim. 4:1 ff.) The same apostle, in the epistle to the Colossians, reproves those who want to acquire a reputation for holiness by excessive abstinence (Col. 2:18 ff.). Therefore we entirely disapprove of the Tatians and the Encratites, and all the disciples of Eustathius, against whom the Gangrain Synod was called. |
| CAP. XXV. DE CATECHESI, ET ÆGROTANTIUM CONSOLATIONE VEL VISITATIONE. | CHAPTER XXV Of Catechizing and of Comforting and Visiting the Sick |
| 1. Dominus veteri suo populo injunxit, maximam curam ut impenderent ab infantia recte instituendæ juventuti, adeoque mandavit diserte in lege sua, erudirent et sacramentorum mysteria interpretarentur. Cum autem ex Evangelicis et Apostolicis literis constet, Deum non minorem rationem habere novi sui populi pubis, cum palam testetur et dicat, Sinite pueros venire ad me, talium enim est regnum coelorum (Marc. x. 14), consultissime faciunt ecclesiarum pastores, qui juventutem mature et diligenter catechisant, prima fidei fundamenta jacientes, ac rudimenta religionis nostræ fideliter docentes, explicando decalogum mandatorum Dei, symbolum item Apostolorum, orationem quoque dominicam, et sacramentorum rationem, cum aliis ejus generis primis principiis, et religionis nostræ capitibus præcipuis. Fidem vero et diligentiam hic suam in adducendis ad catechismum liberis præstet Ecclesia, cupiens et gaudens liberos suos recte institui. | The Lord enjoined his ancient people to exercise the greatest care that young people, even from infancy, be properly instructed. Moreover, he expressly commanded in his law that they should teach them, and that the mysteries of the sacraments should be explained. Now since it is well known from the writings of the Evangelists and apostles that God has no less concern for the youth of his new people, when he openly testifies and says: "Let the children come to me; for to such belongs the kingdom of heaven" (Mark 10:14), the pastors of the churches act most wisely when they early and carefully caetchize the youth, laying the first grounds of faith, and faithfully teaching the rudiments of our religion by expounding the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and the doctrine of the sacraments, with other such principles and chief heads of our religion. Here let the Church show her faith and diligence in bringing the children to be catechized, desirous and glad to have her children well instructed. |
| 2. Cum vero nunquam gravioribus tentationibus expositi sunt homines, quam dum infirmitatibus exercentur aut ægrotant, morbis cum animi tum corporis fracti, nunquam sane convenit pastores ecclesiarum saluti sui gregis invigilare accuratius, quam in hujusmodi morbis et infirmitatibus. Visitent ergo mature ægrotantes, vocentur item mature ab ægrotantibus, siquidem res ipsa postulaverit: consolentur autem illos, et in vera fide confirment, muniant denique contra perniciosas Satanæ suggestiones: instituant item preces apud ægrotantem domesticas, ac si necesse sit, precentur pro ægrotantis salute etiam in. coetu publico curentque, quo feliciter ex hoc seculo migret. Papisticam visitationem cum sua illa unctione extrema, diximus superius, nos non approbare, quod absurda habeat, et a scriptura canonica non approbetur. | Since men are never exposed to more grievous temptations than when they are harassed by infirmities, are sick and are weakened by diseases of both soul and body, surely it is never more fitting for pastors of churches to watch more carefully for the welfare of their flocks than in such diseases and infirmities. Therefore let them visit the sick soon, and let them be called in good time by the sick, if the circumstance itself would have required it. Let them comfort and confirm them in the true faith, and then arm them against the dangerous suggestions of Satan. They should also hold prayer for the sick in the home and, if need be, prayers should also be made for the sick in the public meeting; and they should see that they happily depart this life. We said above that we do not approve of the popish visitation of the sick with extreme unction because it is absurd and is not approved by canonical Scriptures. |
| CAP. XXVI. DE SEPULTURA FIDELIUM, CURAQUE PRO MORTUIS GERENDA, DE PURGATORIO, ET APPARITIONE SPIRITUUM. | CHAPTER XXVI Of the Burial of the Faithful, and of the Care to Be Shown for the Dead; of Purgatory, and the Appearing of Spirits |
| 1. Fidelium corpora, ut Spiritus Sancti templa, et quæ in ultimo die recte creduntur resurrectura, jubet scriptura honeste absque superstitione humo mandare, sed et honestam eorum, qui sancte in Domino obdormiverunt, mentionem facere, relictisque eorum, ut viduis et pupillis, omnia pietatis officia præstare: aliam non docemus pro mortuis curam gerere. Improbamus ergo maxime Cynicos, corpora mortuorum negligentes, aut quam negligentissime contemptissimeque in terram abjicientes, nunquam vel verbum bonum de defunctis facientes, aut relictos ipsorum ne tantillum quidem curantes. | As the bodies of the faithful are the temples of the Holy Spirit which we truly believe will rise again at the Last Day, Scriptures command that they be honorably and without superstition committed to the earth, and also that honorable mention be made of those saints who have fallen asleep in the Lord, and that all duties of familial piety be shown to those left behind, their widows and orphans. We do not teach that any other care be taken for the dead. Therefore, we greatly disapprove of the Cynics, who neglected the bodies of the dead or most carelessly and disdainfully cast them into the earth, never saying a good word about the deceased, or caring a bit about those whom they left behind them. |
| 2. Improbamus rursus nimis et præpostere officiosos in defunctos, qui instar Ethnicorum suos deplangunt mortuos (luctum moderatum, quem Apostolus (1 Thess. iv. ) concessit, non vituperamus, inhumanum esse judicantes, prorsus nihil dolere), et pro mortuis sacrificant, et preculas certas, non sine pretio, demurmurant, hujusmodi suis officiis liberaturi suos illos ex tormentis, quibus a morte inmersos, et inde rursus liberari posse hujusmodi næniis arbitrantur. | On the other hand, we do not approve of those who are overly and absurdly attentive to the deceased; who, like the heathen, bewail their dead (although we do not blame that moderate mourning which the apostle permits in I Thess. 4:13, judging it to be inhuman not to grieve at all); and who sacrifice for the dead, and mumble certain prayers for pay, in order by such ceremonies to deliver their loved ones from the torments in which they are immersed by death, and then think they are able to liberate them by such incantations. |
| 3. Credimus enim, fideles recta a morte corporea migrare ad Christum, ideoque viventium suffragiis aut precibus pro defunctis, denique illis suis officiis nihil indigere. Credimus item, infideles recta præcipitari in tartara, ex quibus nullus impiis aperitur, ullis viventium officiis, exitus. | For we believe that the faithful, after bodily death, go directly to Christ, and, therefore, do not need the eulogies and prayers of the living for the dead and their services. Likewise we believe that unbelievers are immediately cast into hell from which no exit is opened for the wicked by any services of the living. |
| 4. Quod autem quidam tradunt de igne purgatorio, fidei Christianæ: Credo remissionem peccatorum et vitam æternam, purgationique plenæ per Christum, et Christi Domini hisce sententiis adversatur: Amen, amen dico vobis, qui sermonem meum audit, et credit ei qui misit me, habet vitam æternam, et in judicium non veniet, sed transivit a morte in vitam (Joh. v. 24). Item, Qui lotus est, non opus habet, nisi ut pedes lavet, sed est mundus totus, et vos mundi estis (Joh. xiii. 10). | But what some teach concerning the fire of purgatory is opposed to the Christian faith, namely, "I believe in the forgiveness of sins, and the life everlasting," and to the perfect purgation through Christ, and to these words of Christ our Lord: "Truly, truly, I say to you, he who hears my word and believes him who sent me, has eternal life; he shall not come into judgment, but has passed from death to life" (John 5:24). Again: "He who has bathed does not need to wash, except for his feet, but he is clean all over, and you are clean" (John 13:10). |
| 5. Jam quod traditur de spiritibus vel animabus mortuorum apparentibus aliquando viventibus, et petentibus ab eis officia, quibus liberentur, deputamus apparitiones eas inter ludibria, artes et deceptiones diaboli, qui, ut potest se transfigurare in angelum lucis, ita satagit fidem veram vel evertere, vel in dubium revocare. Dominus in veteri testamento vetuit veritatem sciscitari a mortuis, et ullum cum spiritibus habere commercium (Deut. xviii. 10, 11). Epuloni vero poenis mancipato, sicut narrat veritas evangelica, negatur ad fratres suos reditus: pronunciante interim divino oraculo, atque dicente, Habent Mosen et Prophetas, audiant illos. Si Mosen et Prophetas non audiunt, neque si quis ex mortuis resurrexit, credent (Luc. xvi. 31). | Now what is related of the spirits or souls of the dead sometimes appearing to those who are alive, and begging certain duties of them whereby they may be set free, we count those apparitions among the laughingstocks, crafts, and deceptions of the devil, who, as he can transform himself into an angel of light, so he strives either to overthrow the true faith or to call it into doubt. In the Old Testament the Lord forbade the seeking of the truth from the dead, and any sort of commerce with spirits Deut. 18:11). Indeed, as evangelical truth declares, the glutton, being in torment, is denied a return to his brethren, as the divine oracle declared in the words: "They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them. If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be convinced if some one should rise from the dead" (Luke 16:29 ff.). |
| CAP. XXVII. DE RITIBUS ET CÆREMONIIS, ET MEDIIS. | CHAPTER XXVII Of Rites, Ceremonies and Things Indifferent |
| 1. Veteri populo traditæ sunt quondam cæremoniæ, ut pædagogia quædam, iis qui sub lege veluti sub pædagogo et tutore quodam custodiebantur, sed adveniente Christo liberatore, legeque sublata, fideles sub lege amplius non sumus (Rom. vi. 14), disparueruntque cæremoniæ, quas in Ecclesia Christi adeo retinere aut reparare noluerunt Apostoli, ut aperte sint testati se nullum onus velle imponere Ecclesiæ (Act. xv. 28). Proinde Judaismum videremur reducere aut restituere, si in Ecclesia Christi, ad morem veteris Ecclesiæ, cæremonias, ritusve multiplicaremus. Ideoque minime approbamus eorum sententiam, quibus visum est Ecclesiam Christi cohiberi oportere, ceu pædagogia quadam, multis variisque ritibus. Nam si populo Christiano Apostoli cæremonias vel ritus divinitus traditos imponere noluerunt, quis ergo sanæ mentis obtrudet illi adinventiones adinventas humanitus? Quanto magis accedit cumulo rituum in Ecclesia, tanto magis detrahitur non tantum libertati Christianæ, sed et Christo et ejus fidei: dum vulgus ea quærit in ritibus, quæ quæreret in solo Dei Filio Jesu Christo per fidem. Sufficiunt itaque piis pauci, moderati, simplices, nec alieni a verbo Dei ritus. | Unto the ancient people were given at one time certain ceremonies, as a kind of instruction for those who were kept under the law, as under a schoolmaster or tutor. But when Christ, the Deliverer, came and the law was abolished, we who believe are no more under the law (Rom. 6:14), and the ceremonies have disappeared; hence the apostles did not want to retain or to restore them in Christ's Church to such a degree that they openly testified that they did not wish to impose any burden upon the Church. Therefore, we would seem to be bringing in and restoring Judaism if we were to increase ceremonies and rites in Christ's Church according to the custom in the ancient Church. Hence, we by no means approve of the opinion of those who think that the Church of Christ must be held in check by many different rites, as if by some kind of training. For if the apostles did not want to impose upon Christian people ceremonies or rites which were appointed by God, who, I pray, in his right mind would obtrude upon them the inventions devised by man? The more the mass of rites is increased in the Church, the more is detracted not only from Christian liberty, but also from Christ, and from faith in him, as long as the people seek those things in ceremonies which they should seek in the only Son of God, Jesus Christ, through faith. Wherefore a few moderate and simple rites, that are not contrary to the Word of God, are sufficient for the godly. |
| 2. Quod si in ecclesiis dispares inveniuntur ritus, nemo ecclesiæ existimet ex eo esse dissidentes. Socrates, Impossibile fuerit, inquit, omnes ecclesiarum, quæ per civitates et regiones sunt, ritus conscribere. Nulla religio eosdem ritus custodit, etiamsi eandem de illis doctrinam amplectatur. Etenim, qui ejusdem sunt fidei, de ritibus inter se dissentiunt. Hæc ille. Et nos hodie ritus diversos in celebratione coenæ Domini et in aliis nonnullis rebus habentes in nostris ecclesiis, in doctrina tamen et fide non dissidemus, neque unitas societasque ecclesiarum nostrarum ea re discinditur. Semper vero ecclesiæ in hujusmodi ritibus, sicut mediis, usæ sunt libertate. Id quod nos hodie quoque facimus. | If different rites are found in churches, no one should think that for this reason the churches disagree. Socrates says: "It would be impossible to put together in writing all the rites of churches throughout cities and countries. No religion observes the same rites, even though it embraces the same doctrine concerning them. For those who are of the same faith disagree among themselves about rites" (Hist. ecclesiast. V.22, 30, 62). This much says Socrates. And we, today, having in our churches different rites in the celebration of the Lord's Supper and in some other things, nevertheless do not disagree in doctrine and faith; nor is the unity and fellowship of our churches thereby rent asunder. For the churches have always used their liberty in such rites, as being things indifferent. We also do the same thing today. |
| 3. At cavendum interim monemus, ne inter media deputentur, ut quidem solent missam et usum imaginum in templo pro mediis reputare, quæ revera non sunt media, Indifferens (dixit ad Augustinum Hieron.) illud est, quod nec bonum nec malum est, ut sive feceris, sive non feceris, nec justitiam habeas nec injustitiam. Proinde cum ?d?af??a rapiuntur ad fidei confessionem, libera esse desinunt: sicuti Paulus ostendit, licitum esse carnibus vesci, si quis non submoneat, idolis esse litatas, alioqui fore illicitas, quod qui his vescitur, jam vescendo, idololatriam approbare videatur (1 Cor. viii. 10). | But at the same time we admonish me to be on guard lest they reckon among things indifferent what are in fact not indifferent, as some are wont to regard the mass and the use of images in places of worship as things indifferent. "Indifferent," wrote Jerome to Augustine, "is that which is neither good nor bad, so that, whether you do it or not, you are neither just nor unjust." Therefore, when things indifferent are wrested to the confession of faith, they cease to be free; as Paul shows that it is lawful for a man to eat flesh if someone does not remind him that it was offered to idols; for then it is unlawful, because he who eats it seems to approve idolatry by eating it (I Cor. 8:9 ff.; 10:25 ff.). |
| CAP. XXVIII. DE BONIS ECCLESIÆ. | CHAPTER XXVIII Of the possessions of the Church |
| 1. Opes habet Ecclesia Christi ex munificentia principum ac liberalitate fidelium, qui facilitates suas Ecclesiæ donarunt. Opus enim habet Ecclesia facultatibus, et habuit ab antiquo facultates ad res Ecclesiæ necessarias sustinendas. Ac verus usus opum Ecclesiæ quondam fuit, et nunc est, conservare doctrinam in scholis, et coetibus sacris, cum universo cultu, ritibus et ædificio sacro, conservare denique doctores, discipulos atque ministros, cum rebus aliis necessariis, et imprimis pauperibus juvandis atque alendis. Deligantur autem viri timentes Deum, prudentes, et in oeconomia insignes, qui legitime bona dispensent ecclesiastica. | The Church of Christ possesses riches through the munificence of princes and the liberality of the faithful who have given their means to the Church. For the Church has need of such resources and from ancient time has had resources for the maintenance of things necessary for the Church. Now the true use of the Church's wealth was, and is now, to maintain teaching in schools and in religious meetings, along with all the worship, rites, and buildings of the Church; finally, to maintain teachers, scholars, and ministers, with other necessary things, and especially for the succor and relief of the poor. Moreover, God-fearing and wise men, noted for the management of domestic affairs, should be chosen to administer properly the Church's possessions. |
| 2. Si vero opes Ecclesiæ per injuriam temporis, et quorundam audaciam, inscitiam, ant avaritiam translatæ sunt in abusum, reducantur a viris piis et prudentibus ad sanctum usum. Neque enim connivendum est ad abusum maxime sacrilegum. Docemus itaque reformandas esse scholas et collegia corrupta in doctrina, in cultu, et in moribus, ordinandamque esse pie, bona fide, atque prudenter pauperum subventionem. | But if through misfortune or through the audacity, ignorance or avarice of some persons the Church's wealth is abused, it is to be restored to a sacred use by godly and wise men. For neither is an abuse, which is the greatest sacrilege, to be winked at. Therefore, we teach that schools and institutions which have been corrupted in doctrine, worship and morals must be reformed, and that the relief of the poor must be arranged dutifully, wisely, and in good faith. |
| CAP. XXIX. DE CŒLIBATU, CONJUGIO, ET ŒCONOMIA. | CHAPTER XXIX Of Celibacy, Marriage and the Management of Domestic Affairs |
| 1. Qui coelitus donum habent coelibatus, ita ut ex corde, vel toto animo, puri sint ac continentes, nec urantur graviter, serviant in ea vocatione Domino, donec senserint se divino munere præditos, et ne efferant se cæteris, sed serviant Domino assidue, in simplicitate et humilitate. Aptiores autem hi sunt curandis rebus divinis, quam qui privatis familiæ negotiis distrahuntur. Quod si adempto rursus dono, ustionem senserint durabilem, meminerint verbi Apostolici: Melius est nubere, quam uri (1 Cor. vii.). | Those who have the gift of celibacy from heaven, so that from the heart or with their whole soul are pure and continent and are not aflame with passion, let them serve the Lord in that calling, as long as they feel endued with that divine gift; and let them not lift up themselves above others, but let them serve the Lord continuously in simplicity and humility (I Cor. 7:7 ff.). For such are more apt to attend to divine things than those who are distracted with the private affairs of a family. But if, again, the gift be taken away, and they feel a continual burning, let them call to mind the words of the apostle: "It is better to marry than to be aflame" (I Cor. 7:9). |
| 2. Conjugium enim (incontinentiæ medicina et continentia ipsa est) institutum est ab ipso Domino Deo, qui ei liberalissime benedixit, ac virum ac foeminam inseparabiliter sibi mutuum adhærere, et una in summa dilectione, concordiaque vivere voluit (Matt. xiii.). Unde scimus Apostolum dixisse: Honorabile est conjugium inter omnes et cubile impollutum (Heb. xiii. 4). Et iterum: Si virgo nupserit, non peccavit (1 Cor. vii.). Damnamus ergo polygamiam, et eos, qui secundas damnant nuptias. Docemus, contrahenda esse conjugia legitime in timore Domini, et non contra leges, prohibentes aliquot in conjugio gradus, ne incestæ fiant nuptiæ. Contrahantur cum consensu parentum, aut qui sunt loco parentum, ac in illum maxime finem, ad quem Dominus conjugia instituit et confirmentur publice in templo cum precatione et benedictione. Colantur denique sancte, cum maxima conjugum fide, pietate et dilectione, nec non puritate. Caveantur itaque rixæ, dissidia, libidines et adulteria. Constituantur legitima in Ecclesia judicia, et judices sancti, qui tueantur conjugia, et omnem impudicitiam impudentiamque coërceant, et apud quos controversiæ matrimoniales transigantur. | For marriage (which is the medicine of incontinency, and continency itself) was instituted by the Lord God himself, who blessed it most bountifully, and willed man and woman to cleave one to the other inseparable, and to live together in complete love and concord (Matt. 19:4 ff.). Whereupon we know that the apostle said: "Let marriage be held in honor among all, and let the marriage bed be undefiled" (Heb. 13:4). And again: "If a girl marries, she does not sin" (I Cor. 7:28). We therefore condemn polygamy, and those who condemn second marriages. We teach that marriages are to be lawfully contracted in the fear of the Lord, and not against the laws which forbid certain degrees of consanguinity, lest the marriages should be incestuous. Let marriages be made with consent of the parents, or of those who take the place of parents, and above all for that purpose for which the Lord instituted marriages. Moreover, let them be kept holy with the utmost faithfulness, piety, love and purity of those joined together. Therefore let them guard against quarrels, dissensions, lust and adultery. Let lawful courts be established in the Church, and holy judges who may care for marriages, and may repress all unchastity and shamefulness, and before whom matrimonial disputes may be settled. |
| 3. Educentur quoque liberi a parentibus, in timore Domini: provideant item parentes liberis, memores Apostolicæ sententiæ: Qui suis non prospicit, fidem abnegavit, et infideli est deterior (1 Tim. v. 8). Imprimis autem doceant suos, quibus sese alant, artes honestas, abstrahant ab otio, et veram in his omnibus fiduciam in Deum inserant, ne diffidentia ant securitate nimia aut avaritia foeda diffluant, nec ad ullum fructum perveniant. | Children are to be brought up by the parents in the fear of the Lord; and parents are to provide for their children, remembering the saying of the apostle: "If anyone does not provide for his relatives, he has disowned the faith and is worse than an unbeliever" (I Tim. 5:8). But especially they should teach their children honest trades or professions by which they may support themselves. They should ;keep them from idleness and in all these things instill in them true faith in God, lest through a lack of confidence or too much security or filthy greed they become dissolute and achieve no success. |
| 4. Estque certissimum opera illa, quæ in vera fide fiunt a parentibus, per conjugii officia et oeconomiam, esse coram Deo sancta et vere bona opera, et placere hæc Deo non minus, quam preces, jejunia, atque eleemosynas. Sic enim docuit et Apostolus in epistolis suis, præcipue vero ad Tim. et Titum. Numeramus autem cum eodem Apostolo inter dogmata Satanica illorum doctrinam, qui matrimonium prohibent, aut palam vituperant, vel oblique perstringunt, quasi non sanctum vel mundum sit. | And it is most certain that those works which are done by parents in true faith by way of domestic duties and the management of their households are in God's sight holy and truly good works. They are no less pleasing to God than prayers, fasting and almsgiving. For thus the apostle has taught in his epistles, especially in those to Timothy and Titus. And with the same apostle we account the doctrine of those who forbid marriage or openly castigate or indirectly discredit it, as if it were not holy and pure, among the doctrine of demons. |
| 5. Execramur autem coelibatum immundum, libidines et fornicationes tectas et apertas hypocritarum, simulantium continentiam, cum omnium sint incontinentissimi. Hos omnes judicabit Deus. Divitias, et divites, si pii sunt et recte utantur divitiis, non reprobamus. Reprobamus autem sectam Apostolicorum, etc. | We also detest an impure single life, the secret and open lusts and fornications of hypocrites pretending to be continent when they are the most incontinent of all. All these God will judge. We do not disapprove of riches or rich men, if they be godly and use their riches well. But we reject the sect of the Apostolicals. |
| CAP. XXX. DE MAGISTRATU. | CHAPTER XXX Of the Magistracy |
| 1. Magistratus omnis generis ab ipso Deo est institutus ad generis humani pacem ac tranquillitatem, ac ita, ut primum in mundo locum obtineat. Si hic sit adversarius Ecclesiæ, et impedire et obturbare potest plurimum. Si autem sit amicus, adeoque membrum Ecclesiæ, utilissimum excellentissimumque membrum est Ecclesiæ, quod ei permultum prodesse, eam denique peroptime juvare potest. | Magistracy of every kind is instituted by God himself for the peace and tranquillity of the human race, and thus it should have the chief place in the world. If the magistrate is opposed to the Church, he can hinder and disturb it very much; but if he is a friend and even a member of the Church, he is a most useful and excellent member of it, who is able to benefit it greatly, and to assist it best of all. |
| 2. Ejus officium præcipuum est, pacem et tranquillitatem publicam procurare et conservare. Quod sane nunquam fecerit felicius, quam cum fuerit vere timens Dei ac religiosus, qui videlicet ad exemplum sanctissimorum regum principumque populi Domini, veritatis prædicationem et fidem sinceram promoverit, mendacia et superstitionem omnem cum omni impietate et idololatria exciderit ecclesiamque Dei defenderit. Equidem docemus religionis curam imprimis pertinere ad magistratum sanctum. | The chief duty of the magistrate is to secured and preserve peace and public tranquillity. Doubtless he will never do this more successfully than when he is truly God-fearing and religious; that is to say, when, according to the example of the most holy kings and princes of the people of the Lord, he promotes the preaching of the truth and sincere faith, roots out lies and all superstition, together with all impiety and idolatry, and defends the Church of God. We certainly teach that the care of religion belongs especially to the holy magistrate. |
| 3. Teneat ergo ipse in manibus verbum Dei, et ne huic contrarium doceatur, procuret, bonis item legibus ad verbum Dei compositis moderetur populum, sibi a Deo creditum, eundemque in disciplina, officio, obedientiaque contineat. Judicia exerceat juste judicando, ne respiciat personam, aut munera accipiat; viduas, pupillos et afflictos asserat, injustos, impostores et violentos coërceat atque adeo et exscindat. Neque enim frustra accepit a Deo gladium (Rom. xiii. 4). Stringat ergo hunc Dei gladium in omnes maleficos, seditiosos, latrones vel homicidas, oppressores, blasphemos, perjuros et in omnes eos, quos Deus punire ac etiam cædere jussit. Coërceat et hæreticos (qui vere hæretici sunt) incorrigibiles, Dei majestatem blasphemare et Ecclesiam Dei conturbare, adeoque perdere non desinentes. | Let him, therefore, hold the Word of God in his hands, and take care lest anything contrary to it is taught. Likewise let him govern the people entrusted to him by God with good laws made according to the Word of God, and let him keep them in discipline, duty and obedience. Let him exercise judgment by judging uprightly. Let him not respect any man's person or accept bribes. Let him protect widows, orphans and the afflicted. Let him punish and even banish criminals, impostors and barbarians. For he does not bear the sword in vain (Rom. 13:4). Therefore, let him draw this sword of God against all malefactors, seditious persons, thieves, murderers, oppressors, blasphemers, perjured persons, and all those whom God has commanded him to punish and even to execute. Let him suppress stubborn heretics (who are truly heretics), who do not cease to blaspheme the majesty of God and to trouble, and even to destroy the Church of God. |
| 4. Quod si necesse sit, etiam bello populi conservare salutem, bellum, in nomine Dei suscipiat, modo prius pacem modis omnibus quæsierit, nec aliter nisi bello suos servare possit. Et dum hæc ex fide facit magistratus, illis ipsis operibus, ut vere bonis, Deo inservit, ac benedictionem a Domino accipit. Damnamus Anabaptistas, qui, ut Christianum negant fungi posse officio magistratus, ita etiam negant, quemquam a magistratu juste occidi, aut magistratum bellum gerere posse, aut juramenta magistratui præstanda esse, etc. | And if it is necessary to preserve the safety of the people by war, let him wage war in the name of God; provided he has first sought peace by all means possible, and cannot save his people in any other way except by war. And when the magistrate does these things in faith, he serves God by those very works which are truly good, and receives a blessing from the Lord. We condemn the Anabaptists, who when they deny that a Christian may hold the office of a magistrate, deny also that a man may be justly put to death by the magistrate, or that the magistrate may wage war, or that oaths are to be rendered to a magistrate, and such like things. |
| 5. Sicut enim Deus salutem populi sui operari vult per magistratum, quem mundo veluti patrem dedit: ita subditi omnes, hoc Dei beneficium in magistratu agnoscere jubentur. Honorent ergo et revereantur magistratum, tanquam Dei ministrum: ament eum, faveant ei, et orent pro illo, tanquam pro Patre: obediant item omnibus ejus justis et æquis mandatis: denique pendant vectigalia atque tributa, et quæ hujus generis debita sunt, fideliter atque libenter. Et si salus publica patriæ vel justitia requirat, et magistratus ex necessitate bellum suscipiat, deponant etiam vitam, et fundant sanguinem pro salute publica magistratusque, et quidem in Dei nomine, libenter, fortiter et alacriter. Qui enim magistratui se opponit, iram Dei gravem in se provocat. | For as God wants to effect the safety of his people by the magistrate, whom he has given to the world to be, as it were, a father, so all subjects are commanded to acknowledge this favor of God in the magistrate. Therefore let them honor and reverence the magistrate as the minister of God; let them love him, favor him, and pray for him as their father; and let them obey all his just and fair commands. Finally, let them pay all customs and taxes, and all other such dues faithfully and willingly. And if the public safety of the country and justice require it, and the magistrate of necessity wages war, let them even lay down their life and pour out their blood for the public safety and that of the magistrate. And let them do this in the name of God willingly, bravely and cheerfully. For he who opposes the magistrate provokes the severe wrath of God against himself. |
| Damnamus itaque omnes magistratus contemptores, rebelles, reipublicæ hostes, et seditiosos nebulones, denique omnes, quotquot officia debita præstare, vel palam, vel arte renuunt. | We, therefore, condemn all who are contemptuous of the magistrate - rebels, enemies of the state, seditious villains, finally, all who openly or craftily refuse to perform whatever duties they owe. |
| Oramus Deum Patrem nostrum in coelis clementissimum, ut principibus populi, nobis quoque et universo populo suo benedicat, per Jesum Christum, Dominum et Servatorem nostrum unicum, cui laus et gloria ac gratiarum actio in secula seculorum. Amen. | We beseech God, our most merciful Father in heaven, that he will bless the rulers of the people, and us, and his whole people, through Jesus Christ, our only Lord and Savior; to whom be praise and glory and thanksgiving,for all ages. Amen. |
marked up by Lance George Marshall, 2007