Source: Elwell, Walter A., editor. 1984. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker. pp. 132.
Sometimes known as the Walloon Confession, this was composed in 1561 by Guido de Bres as an apology for the persecuted band of Reformed Christians in the Lowlands who formed the so-called churches under the cross. Translated from French into Dutch in 1562, it gained synodical approval at Antwerp in 1566, at Wesel in 1568, at Emden in 1571, and definitively at Dordrecht in 1618. Together with the Heidelberg Catechism and the Canons of Dort, it provided the confessional foundation for all Dutch Reformed churches, and remains binding still today for members of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. De Bres, a courageous pastor to French-speaking communities in the Lowlands who was martyred at Valenciennes in 1567, modeled his work on the so-called Gallic Confession adopted for all French Reformed churches at Paris in 1559. Like Calvin's Institutes, the text breaks down roughly into three parts: the truine God and the knowledge of him from Scripture (Arts. 1-9), Christ's work of creation and redemption (10-23), and the Spirit's work of sanctification in and through the Christian church (24-37), this last part subdivided again in Calvin. De Bres quoted Scripture liberally and often used the pronoun "we" to personalize this confession of faith. To distinguish his community from the feared and "detested" Anabaptists (with whom Catholics had often confused them), de Bres asserted the full humanity of Jesus Christ (18), the public rather than sectarian nature of the true church (28-29), infant baptism (34), and the God-given character of civil government (36). As for the Catholics, who had brought the Inquisition down upon them, de Bres sought to find as many common beliefs as possible, especially the Trinity (1, 8, 9), the incarnation (10, 18, 19), and a catholic Christian church (27-29). But he also upheld distinctively Protestant emphases such as the unique authority of Scripture apart from the Apocrypha (3-7), the all-sufficiency of Christ's atoning sacrifice and intercession (21-23, 26), and the nature of good works (24) and of the two sacraments, Holy Baptism and the Holy Supper (34-35). Distinctively Reformed elements may be found in the articles on election (16), sanctification (24), the government of the church (30-32), and the Lord's Supper (35). There is no evidence that the Catholic authorities ever seriously read or were impressed by this little work, but Reformed Christians in the Lowlands quickly adopted it as their own confession of faith.
J. VAN ENGEN
Bibliography. J.N. Bakhuizen van den Brink, De Nederlandse Belijdenisgeschriften; A.C. Cochrane, Reformed Confessions of the 16th Century.